Term
| What is the right and left cardiac output? |
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Definition
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Term
| which part of the pleura is attached to the thorax |
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Definition
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Term
| how many cartilages in trachea |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only complete ring of cartilage in trachea |
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Definition
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Term
| narrowest area of pediatric airway is |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name for the muscle on the trachea |
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Definition
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Term
| whats important about the fact that bronchioles are all muscle and not cartilage |
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Definition
| no cartilage = no support to stay open. So staying open depends solely on making sure your endothelial muscles are not contracting!! (Bronchospasms) |
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Term
| conducting zones of the airway are |
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Definition
| airway from trachea to terminal bronchioles |
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Term
| Anatomical dead space in a adult is approximately ___ mL |
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Definition
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Term
| is there cartilage in the bronchi? |
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Definition
| Yes. There are cartilagenous plates |
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Term
| whats the purpose of the conducting zone if it can't partake in air exchange |
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Definition
1. humidify air
2. warm air
3. filter particles
4. trap bacteria
5. move up and out sputum/debris |
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Term
| where does gas exchange occur |
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Definition
1. resp bronchioles
2. alveoli
3. ducts and sacs. |
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Term
| what types of lengths in airways consist of non-conducting airways 3x |
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Definition
1. trachea
2. bronchi
3. nonrespiratory bronchioles |
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Term
| name for the connection between alveoli that allows air to pass in betweeen |
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Definition
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Term
| SNS dilates airways via what receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| PNS constricts airways via what receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| The conducting airways are lined with what type of cells |
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Definition
1. Ciliated, columna epithelial cells,
2. goblet cells - secrete mucus |
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Term
| what is the name of cells that secrete mucus |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do you not find goblet cells |
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Definition
| terminal bronchioles. B/c globlet cells secrete mucus and you don't want mucus plugging up your surface area that is needed for gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
a rounded, club-shaped, nonciliated cell protruding between ciliated cells in bronchiolar epithelium; believed to be secretory in function
- have something to do with immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| definition of surface tension |
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Definition
| measure of the attractive forces of fluids that pull a molecule walls together |
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Term
| babies begin making surfactant between weeks? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what gestation week will babies have enough surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
| babies < weeeks may need exogenous surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
| how many alveoli in the lungs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| at what age do we stop making alveoli |
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Definition
|
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Term
| whats the difference between Type 1 and 2 alveolar cells |
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Definition
Type 1 Alveolar cells:
- 90% of surface area
- main structure for alveolar wall
Type II:
-secrete surfactant
-5% of total alveolar area |
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Term
| what immune component is present in lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is there a normal anatomical shunt reflected in A-a PO2 gradient? |
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Definition
| because the conducting zone of the airways receives its own blood supply that empties its deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary veins. This results in the normal difference betwen A (Alveoli) and a (arterial) PO2. (<10mmHg) |
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Term
| what artery supplies blood to the conducting area of the lung |
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Definition
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Term
| the transit time for blood through the alveolar capillary is how long |
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Definition
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Term
| PO2 levels normalize at the capillary/alveoli level how soon |
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Definition
| during the first 1/4 of the way through |
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Term
| what lung volumes/capacities cannot be measured by spirometry |
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Definition
(ANYTHING THAT INCLUDES RESIDUAL VOLUME SINCE THAT IS THE AIR refering to what is "knocked the wind out of you" )
1. Functional residual capacity = ERV + RV
2. Residual Volume (RV)
3. TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV |
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Term
| name three methods for measuring Functional residual capacity |
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Definition
1. helium dilution
2. nitrogen washout
3. body plethymography |
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Term
| alevolar ventilation equation |
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Definition
| (Tidal volume - dead space) x RR |
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Term
| the longintudal folds of the trachea are formed from? |
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Definition
| dense collections of elastic fibers |
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Term
| conducting zone starts at ___ ends at ___ |
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Definition
| Starts at the trachea and ends at the terminal bronchioles |
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Term
| which cells have something to do with the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| in the distal bronchioles there is more ___ cells and less ___ cells |
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Definition
| More clara cells and less goblet cells. Less goblet cells because we don't want mucus pluging the spaces for airway exchange. |
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Term
| babies begin making surfactant at what week gestation? At what week does a fetus have enough surfactant to sustain adequate lung ventilation? At what week would a baby likely need support and surfactant administration for help |
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Definition
| week 24-28 a fetus begins making surfactant. AT week 35 babies have enough surfactant to survive. Babies < 30 weeks need surfactant |
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Term
| how many alveoli are in a human |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| at what age do we stop making alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the lungs do bronchial circulation supply? Where does its venous outflow dump into |
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Definition
| supplies the conducting zone of the lungs. Empties into the pulmonary veins |
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Term
| transit time for blood through capillaries in lungs is? |
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Definition
| 0.75 seconds. But in a healthy adult the blood O2/CO2 is exchanged within 0.25 seconds during the first 1/3 of the way through the capillaries. |
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Term
| healthy adult males have a total lung capacity of? So when someone is doing an incentive spironometer will it measure all of this? |
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Definition
| Incentrive spironometers measure up to 3L but a healthy male can have a TLC of 6 liters. (REMEMBER the spironmeter will not reflect residual volume since this air cant be squeezed out. |
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Term
| The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a normal expiration is called |
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Definition
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Term
| the volume remaining in the lungs after expiration during normal, quiet breathing |
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Definition
| functional residual capcacity (FRC) |
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Term
| the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the vital capcity measured during expiration at maximum force |
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Definition
| Ephasis is on speed. and this is called forced vital capacity |
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Term
| the volum eof gas in the lungs after maximal inspiration |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are three things that cannot be measured by spironmetery |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three tests can measure FRC |
|
Definition
1. Helium dilution
2. nitrogen washout
3. body plethysmography |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in a health adult hyperventilation should result in the PaO2 going up or down |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how can patients live with low PaO2 pressure |
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Definition
| BC patients do not survive based on pressures. They survive based on O2 content! as long as their oxygen content and cardiac output are adequate then they survive |
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Term
| The oxygen carrying capacity per gram of Hb is? |
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Definition
| The oxygen carrying capacity there is 1.34 ml of oxygen for every one gram of hemoglobin |
|
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Term
| whats normal hemoglobin content |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the o2 content in blood contributed by Hb |
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Definition
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Term
| when PaO2 is 100 mmHg then what is the plasma O2 content? |
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Definition
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Term
| how much O2 is in the plasma per mmHg PaO2 present there. |
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Definition
O2 is carried dissolved in the plasma: For every 1mmHg of PaO2 there is 0.003 ml O2/dl of plasma
-So 100 mmHg of PaO2 will have 0.3mL/O2 in one dl (100mL) |
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Term
| What is the CaO2 content in the body. What percent of this is contributed to by the plasma PaO2 |
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Definition
| Since normal CaO2 is 16-22 ml O2/dl blood, the amount contributed by dissolved (unbound) oxygen is very small, only about 1.4% to 1.9% of the total. |
|
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Term
| normal PaO2 and hypoxia - generally occurs one of two ways: |
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Definition
| normal PaO2 and hypoxemia - generally occurs one of two ways: 1) anemia, or 2) altered affinity of hemoglobin for binding oxygen. |
|
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Term
| does anemia affect PaO2 or SaO2 in a healthy adult |
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Definition
| A common misconception is that anemia affects PaO2 and/or SaO2; if the respiratory system is normal, anemia affects neither value |
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Term
| anemia can affect PaO2 or SaO2 in what situation |
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Definition
| in a right to left shunt. Since venous blood is mixed with oxygen rich blood. This creates a gradient favoring the uptake of PaO2 from the blood to the deoxygenated Hb. This casues a lower PaO2. If there isnt enough PaO2 to saturate all unoxygenate blood (Which there wont be cause very little O2 content is in the plasma to begin with) then the O2 sat will be low as well. |
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Term
carbon monoxide can affect which of the following
1. PaO2
2. SaO2
3. O2 content |
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Definition
| Carbon monoxide by itself does not affect PaO2 but only SaO2 and O2 content. |
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Term
| The two major dyshemoglobins encountered in clinical practice are |
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Definition
| The two major dyshemoglobins encountered in clinical practice are carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (Methb). |
|
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Term
| can pulse oximeters distinguish between CO and O2 on Hb? |
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Definition
| Oximeters do not differentiate hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide from hemoglobin bound to oxygen; the machines report the sum of both values as oxyhemoglobin.30-34 |
|
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Term
| what type of oximeter can read CO |
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Definition
| blood co-oximeters, which utilize four wavelengths of light to separate out oxyhemoglobin from reduced hemoglobin, methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin, pulse oximeters utilize only two wavelengths of light |
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Term
| MetHb reduces the SpO2 linearly until a level of about _________% |
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Definition
| MetHb reduces the SpO2 linearly until a level of about 85%, at which point further increases in metHb do not cause further lowering of SpO2. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes more airway resistance large-medium airways or numerous smaller airways |
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Definition
| more airway resistance in large-medium sized airways! In numbers there is less resistance so smaller more in number airways have less resistance |
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Term
| the inspiratory pacemaker is? located where? |
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Definition
| the Dorsal respiratory group (DRG). Located in the medulla |
|
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Term
| the DRG sends AP via what nerves |
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Definition
| Since it is the inspiratory pacemaker it sends signals to the two main muscle groups that ocntrol inspiration 1. Diaphragm via the phrenic nerve and 2. External intercostal muscles via the external intercostal nerves |
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Term
| what respiratory center can control both inspiratory and expiratory |
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Definition
| VRG Ventral respiratory group. Can do so b/c it innervates the internal intercostal muscles which can do both inspriation and expiration under stress. (different parts on the muscle contribute to either inspiration or expiration) |
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Term
| as you inhale does the airway resistance increase or decrease |
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Definition
| As you inhale there is DECREASE AIRWAY RESISTANCE B/c the milllion + Alveoli and their connecting ducts all begin to open simulataneously (like ballons) thereby increasing the overall total radius which means to the fourth power less resitance. |
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Term
| what are the three essential components of the involuntary respiratory control system |
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Definition
1. brainstem respiratory centers
2. peripheral and central cehmoreceptors
3. mechanoreceptors in lungs/joints |
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Term
| Which respiratory center controls resp via the phrenic nerve and external intercostal nerve |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what resp centers are in the pons and which are in the medulla |
|
Definition
Pons:
1. pneumotaxic center
2. apneustic center
medulla:
1. DRG
2. VRG |
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|
Term
| which center promotes deep and prolonged inspiration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which resp center influences both inspiration and expiration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which resp center sends info via the internal intercosta nerve |
|
Definition
| ventral respiratory group |
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|
Term
| hering-breuer reflex results in what? How does this happen? |
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Definition
| stop of inspiration so that expiration can occur. This is done through vagus nerve inhibiting hte DRG and activating the pneumotaxic center at the same time |
|
|
Term
| where are irritant receptors located in our airways |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hb has how many subunits which consist of? |
|
Definition
| 4 subunits (2alpha and 2beta) |
|
|
Term
| a fully saturated Hb can carry how many O2 molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many Hb are in one red blood cell |
|
Definition
| 250 million Hb in one red blood cell. So 4 O2 for each Hb means 1 Billion O2 molecules per one RBC |
|
|
Term
| what does cooperative binding of O2 and Hb mean |
|
Definition
| The more O2 on hb means the easier (higher affinity) of Hb for all subsequent O2 after! |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| HB concentration/affinity for O2 is inversely proportional to CO2 concentrations and H concentrations So increase CO2 leads to acidemia and together this means Hb will loose O2 due to decrease affinity. |
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Term
| at what point on the dissassociation curve do we make our judgement whether it shifts to the right or left |
|
Definition
| at 50% SaO2 (AKA P50) which correlates to a PaO2 of 28 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
RIGHT (R-right shift, I=Increased PCO2, G-2,3DPG increase, H-Hydrogen ions increase, T-Increase Temp, S=Sickle Cell
Increase CO2 wins the tug of war over O2 as to who gets to hang out on RBC. This makes sense b/c if there's more CO2 that means tissues are working HARDER and therefore they need to exchange that CO2 for O2! |
|
|
Term
| when there is a right shift you need a higher or lower partial pressure of O2 to maintain a sat |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| CaO2 = (Hb x SaO2 x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.003) |
|
|
Term
| normal CaO2 of blood per 100mL is? |
|
Definition
| 20.4 mL of O2 per 100mL of blood |
|
|
Term
| What is DaO2 definition? What is a normal number. |
|
Definition
| Da02 = delivered volume of O2/min. Normal DaO2 = 1000mL/min |
|
|
Term
| The amount in mL of O2 per RBC |
|
Definition
| 1 RBC has 1 billion O2 molecules and that equates to a gas volume of 1.34mL per RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CvO2 = ? Whats this for? Normal Cvo2 |
|
Definition
CvO2 is the content of O2 in venous blood.
CvO2 = (HbxSvO2 x 1.34) + (PVO2x0.003)
Cvo2 = 750mL/min at rest / health adult |
|
|
Term
| normal O2 cosumption mL/min = ? |
|
Definition
| 250mL/min 02 consumption at rest healthy adult |
|
|
Term
| where are the three places CO2 is stored for venous removal? what % of CO2 is stored there |
|
Definition
1. Bicarb 70%
2. Carbamino compounds 23%
3. Dissolved in plasma 7% |
|
|
Term
| CO2 is ___ times more soluble than O2 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| hypoxemia can cause pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and so can ____ pH |
|
Definition
| acidemia (low pH) can cause pulmonary artery constriction |
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Term
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Definition
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