Term
| Electrons from _____ and ____ pass through Complex I and II and then to Complex III via _______? |
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Definition
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| What transfers electrons from Complex III to IV? |
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| The flow of electrons can be seen in which complexes? |
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| What kind of gradient is formed by the flow of electrons between complexes? |
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| Protons reenter the mitochondrial matrix through? |
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Term
| The proton-motive force drives ATP--ADP exchange by ? |
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| What is part of the execution of apoptosis by generating ROS molecules? |
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Definition
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| How does P66sch generate ROS molecules? |
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Definition
| By subtracting electrons from cytochrome c to produce O2- |
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Term
| What happens to the active O2- in a cell that is not signaled to undergo apoptosis via P66sch? |
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Definition
| O2- is dismutated to H2O2 by Cu, Zn SOD ( super oxide dismutatse) |
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Term
| Which complexes throw off electrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does complex I and III throw off electrons, give to examples why? |
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Definition
| Oxygen poor environment or ATP poor environment |
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Term
| How can a hibernating bear produce body heat without using up their ATP reserves? |
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Definition
| They uncouple ATP from ETC. The ETC will provide basal body heat. In the summer they remove the UCP so they can form ATP |
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Term
| What can be good in small amounts because it primes the cells defense mechanism? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| What allows proteins to return to the matrix without passing through ATP synthase? |
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Definition
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| Name two benefits of UCPs |
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Definition
| Heat production and reducing ROS formation |
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Term
| What is defined as the response of a cell to the application of an external stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give some examples of a chemical or physical stimuli |
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Definition
| light, oxygen, nutrients, hormones |
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Term
| Signal transduction involves what four phenomena? |
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Definition
1. signal reception
2. integration
3. amplification
4. a target that is affected |
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Term
| Receptors need what kind of domain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can the receiver domain be found? |
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Definition
| on the outside of the cell |
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Term
| What kind of chain/network is responsible for amplification, integration, and adaptation? |
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Definition
| A signal transduction chain or signal transduction network |
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Term
What does this picture show?
[image] |
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Definition
| Signal Transduction Mechanisms |
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Term
| What occurs when several receptors act to either activate or deactivate a receptor by the same catalyst which thereby acts as a signal integrator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What consist of activation of a catalyst, such as protein kinase, which amplifies the input of a single unit into the phophorlyation of many target molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the return of the signaling system to the pre-stimulus level while the stimulus persist? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of adaptation |
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Definition
| Adaptation of the eye to bright sunlight or dim moonlight |
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Term
| What signaling process involves a signaling molecule that is released from a gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which signaling process affects distant target cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which signaling process involves a signaling molecule that is released and affects nearby cells? |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of signaling is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of signaling is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of signaling is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
WHat kind of signal is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of signaling is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Definition
| Juxtacrine is the same as cell-cell interactions |
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Term
| What kind of signaling process involves a signaling molecule that is released and binds receptors on the secreting cell itself? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface ligands and receptors of adjacent cells interact is known as what type of interaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must the influence of hormones (signaling molecules) be exerted from outside the cell? |
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Definition
| Because they are mostly lipophobic and unable to pass readily through membranes |
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Term
| External signals induce two major types of cellular responses, what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are blood-borne "first messengers" that are secreted in small amounts by the endocrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since hormones are diluted in the blood stream and subjected to enzymatic attack, receptors must have a high or low affinity for these ligands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are hormone effects short or long lived? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of an hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine is synthesized by which gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth Factors are compromised of how many polypeptides? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does Transferrin do? |
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Definition
| regulates Fe levels in blood by transporting Fe throughout the blood stream |
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Term
| How long will effects from growth factors last? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of signaling effects do growth factors have? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 3 effects that could happen when growth factors bind at the cell surface. |
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Definition
1. may stimulate or inhibit growth
2. initiate apoptosis or differentiation
3. alter gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does proliferation mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiation of a cell means? |
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Definition
| Specialization... a cell goes from a nonspecific stem cell into a specific cell |
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Term
| Immunocytokines initially were identified to interact with immune cells, but they have been found to also act outside the immune system, so which name do they go by now? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give some examples of cytokines? |
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Definition
| Interferons, TNF alpha, interleukins |
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Term
| What are cytokines that bring about local inflammation by recruiting inflammatory cells by chemotaxis and then activates them called? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Vasoactive agents that recruit leukocytes and retain fluid --vasodiliation-- and have vascular permeability occur in which type of response? |
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Definition
| Inflammation to tissue damage |
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Term
| What type of agents favor the inflammation response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group of vasoactive compounds are derived from arachidonic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give three examples of eicosanoids. |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes (the 1st messengers that prevent blood clots) |
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Term
| What operate as potent paracrine and autocrine agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of signals are released into synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In the CNS what is a major excitatory transmitter? |
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Definition
| Glutamate (an amino acid) |
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Term
| What does GABA stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the CNS what are inhibitory neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the neuromuscular junction what is the most important excitatory ligand? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
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Term
| What is a feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the adrenal glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 hormones that activate the HPA axis. |
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Definition
Corticotropin-Release Factor (CRF)
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP)
Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| The HPA axis loop is completed by what? |
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Definition
| The negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and pituitary |
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Term
| When cortisol is released into the blood stream name some of the effects it has. |
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Definition
| Elevation of blood glucose |
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Term
| Cortisol has negative affects on the immune system and prevents the release of what? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| What does GSSG stand for? |
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Definition
| Glutathione Disulfide that is oxidized |
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Term
| Which group of enzymes is responsible for scavenging superoxide radicals and converting them into peroxides in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does SOD stand for ? |
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Definition
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