Term
| Facilitate diffusion is stereospecific and will readily bind to D-glucose but will not bind to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Transporter proteins will bind to what kind of sugars? |
|
Definition
| 6 Carbon sugar molecules that are similar to the D-glucose |
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|
Term
| Name two sugars that can competitively inhibit the uptake of D-glucose into erythrocytes (RBCs)? |
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Definition
| D-mannose and D-galactose |
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|
Term
| The glucose transporters are actually a family of what? that transport the 6C sugars |
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Definition
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Term
| Some facilitated glucose transporters are regulated by hormones... such as? |
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Definition
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Term
| When secreted into the blood stream insulin stimulates two types of tissue to place more glucose transporters in the plasma membrane. Which two types of tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are other diseases that have been identified as transporter problems name one more, other than Diabetes. |
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Definition
| Kidney Disease aka Cystinuria = the transport proteins for cysteine and other amino acids is missing from the membrane |
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Term
| The process that carries only one kind of solute across a membrane is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process that moves two substances simultaneously in the same direction is called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The process that exchanges one solute for another by transporting them in opposite directions is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the movement of water readily from hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is given to proteins that specifically move water across a membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do aquaporins contain that makes them highly specific for water molecules? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Give two examples of prominent cells that aquaporins can be found in? |
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Definition
| Kidney Tubules and plant roots |
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Term
| What hormone stimulates water retention by the collecting ducts of the kidney? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does ADH stand for and what else can it be called? |
|
Definition
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
AKA Vasopressin |
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Term
| A mutation in this aquaporin channel, in which a person excretes large amounts of urine because their kidneys do not respond to vasopressin would be called? |
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Definition
| Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
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Term
What technique does this depict
[image] |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the patch clamp technique do? What is it for? |
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Definition
It is used to study ion channels.
Transport proteins that move ions are commonly investigated |
|
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Term
| Give some examples of charged substances that membranes are impermeable to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of channels are highly selective and allow only one type of ion to pass through? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Diffusion of ions through a channel is always downhill, meaning what? |
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Definition
| From high conc to low conc |
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Term
| Ion channels allow passage of ions in either direction, this makes them what? |
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Definition
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Term
| An ion channel that can exist as either open or closed is termed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In gated ion channels all the proteins function how? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two types of channels that help in channel regulation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of channel allows ions to move back and forth across the membrane without regulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three ways can a transporters moving ions can be gated. |
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Definition
1. Chemically or Ligand
2. Voltage
3. Mechanically |
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|
Term
| Give an example of mechanical gates? |
|
Definition
| Opening and closing of channels of the cilia in the ear |
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Term
| Membrane potential can also be called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 possible confirmations that ion channels exist in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of inactivated gating? |
|
Definition
It is an feedback inhibition process.
A regulatory mechanism |
|
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Term
| There are two categories of Voltage gated channels, what are they? |
|
Definition
1. Mulitmeric
2. Monomeric |
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Term
| Give an example of a multimeric voltage gated channel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a monomeric voltage gated channel. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Transporters that move ions are not called "carriers" but instead are called ? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Active transport moves the solute ___?__ its concentration gradient and requires the hydrolysis of ___?___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Diseases caused by mutations of the ion channels have been identified in humans and other animals. What term is clinically applied to this broad group of diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some ions that are mutated in channelopathies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loss of movement ability
Loss of control of movement |
|
|
Term
| What does long QT syndrome mean? |
|
Definition
| That the distance between the Q and the T are longer of the hearts electrical system. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Hyperkalemic mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since Active transport is against the gradient what kind of input does it require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active transport moves the movement of ions in which direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that carry out active transport are often referred to as ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Na K Pump
3 Na+ pumped out while 2 K+ are pumped in per cycle and hydrolyzed ATP |
|
|
Term
| Inside the cell, during the ion movement of Na/K pump, what is the charge in the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term can be used in nonexicteable cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term is used in neurons and muscle cells, what type of potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement of a solute against its concentration gradient with the aid of an ion gradient that was generated by active transport is given one of two descriptive names. Name them. |
|
Definition
| Indirect Active Transport or Secondary Active Transport |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a drug that prevents heartburn by inhibiting the stomach's H+/K+/ATPases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a drug that works by preventing cells from becoming activated by the hormones in your stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of drug can you take to neutralize the acid (H+) in your stomach after it has been made? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, not part of the endomembrane system, and are semiautonomous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two transporters that go in and out of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In a mitochondria, what is the space between membranes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of H+ storage during the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is enclosed in a double membrane, with a smooth outer membrane and a convoluted and rich in embedded proteins in its inner membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the inner foldings of the mitochondia called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ETC enzymes are present in which part of the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the aqueous solution within the inner membranes of the mitochondria called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a few things found in the Matrix. |
|
Definition
Fatty Acids
Inhibitors
DNA
Ribosomes
Proteins
mRNA
tRNA |
|
|
Term
| Where can the site of the TCA pathway, mitochondrial gene expression, and the site of mitochondrial genome replication be found within the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process by which mitochondrion splits into two is called/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pathway by which monosaccharides are broken down (such as glucose) is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 important molecules are generated during Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
Net gain of 2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TCA Cycle can also be called? |
|
Definition
Kreb's Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle |
|
|
Term
| TCA occurs where in the mitochondion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the substrate of the TCA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetyl-CoA is formed via? |
|
Definition
| The Beta Oxidation Pathway (in the mitochondrial matrix and peroxisome) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 important molecules are formed during TCA? |
|
Definition
2 ATP
6 NADH (full wheelbarrow, formed by reducing NAD+)
2 FADH2 (full wheelbarrow, formed by reducing FADH) |
|
|
Term
| What is formed during TCA that we breathe out during respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the ETC located? |
|
Definition
| In the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| The high energy electrons associated with NADH and FADH2 are transferred (dumped) to a series of specific electron carriers that constitute the? |
|
Definition
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
|
|
Term
| How many complexes does the ETC have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ETC Complexes are composed of 5 types of membrane bound electron carrier proteins. Name them |
|
Definition
1. Flavoproteins
2. Cytochromes
3. Copper Atoms
4. Ubiquinone
5. Iron-Sulfur |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the ETC? |
|
Definition
| To build up H gradient in intramembrane space |
|
|
Term
| Flavoproteins are polypeptides tightly bound are which two prosthetic groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does FAD and FMN stand for? |
|
Definition
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide |
|
|
Term
| FAD and FMN are derived from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Copper atoms are all located within which complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a lipid soluble molecule containing a long hydrophobic chain composed of 5 carbon isoprenoid units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which component of the ETC is hydrophobic and is completely embedded within the inner membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons carried by FADH2 are dumped into which complex of the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only component of the ETC that is not embedded in the mitochondrial membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Coenzyme Q (CoQ)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the F0/F1 complex that is coupled to the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the two ETC complexes are notorious for throwing off unpaired electrons when the ETC is slowed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which component of the ETC also serves as an intracellular signal to activate apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding Redox potential.. the more positive the value the more ___?__ the reduction half-cell is likely to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of value indicates the reduction reaction is favorable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF your inner membrane leaks, what leaks out? |
|
Definition
1. H does, pH goes down
2. Cytochrome C (triggers apoptosis) |
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