Term
There are 5 common enzyme regulation methods, we have already look at 2 of them: Substrate, and Allosteric regulation.
Name the remaining 3 methods? |
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Definition
The property of cooperativity
Covalent Modification
Proteolytic Cleavage |
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Term
| The effect of substrate binding at one site is transmitted to the other unfilled sites by enzyme conformational changes is termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| An allosteric enzyme on an M&M plot does not exhibit an hyperbolic curve but a it exhibits which kind of curve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding at one site increases the affinity for substrate at other sites is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Binding at one site reduces the affinity for the substrate at other sites is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin with oxygen is an example of which type of cooperativity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which form of enzyme regulation is the activity of an enzyme is affected by the addition or removal of specific functional groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give some examples of functional groups involved in Covalent Modifications? |
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Definition
Phosphate groups (most common)
Methyl Groups
Acetyl Groups |
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Term
| Are covalent modifications reversible or irreversible? |
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Definition
| They can do both, either way they act to raise or lower the activity of the enzyme |
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Term
| What is probably the best understood covalent modification? |
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Definition
| Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation |
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Term
| What enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of other molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme catalyzes the process of removing phosphate ie. catalyze dephosphorlyation |
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Definition
| Phosophoprotein phosphatases |
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Term
| The breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscle cells is catalyzed by Glycogen Phosporylase is an example of what type of regulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Glycogen Phosphorylase work? |
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Definition
| It removes successive glucose units from glycogen as glucose-1-phosphate |
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Term
| Does the active or inactive form of glycogen phosphorylase break the glycosidic between the C terminal glucose of glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| When glycogen breakdown is needed in the muscle cells what happens to the inactive form of glycogen phosphorylase (b)? |
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Definition
| It is converted into the active (a) form |
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Term
| How is glycogen phophorlyase kinased? |
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Definition
| The change from inactive (b) from to active (a) from is done when the inactive (b) form becomes phosphorylated by the addition of a phosphate group to a particular serine on each the two subunits of the phosphoylase (b) molecule. |
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Term
| What happens why phosphorylase (a)is no longer needed for the break down of glycogen? |
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Definition
| It is converted back into phosphorylase (b) by the removal of a phosphate group |
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Term
| What is inhibited by glucose and ATP but is activated by AMP? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell receives a hormonal signal it may trigger production of which allosteric effector? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of molecule is cAMP? |
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Definition
| Messenger molecule that functions as a allosteric activator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the primary functions of smooth ER? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme adds glucose units onto glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| G protein Receptor Kinase |
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Term
| What does GPCR stand for? |
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Definition
| G protein Coupled Receptor |
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Term
| When cells can no longer take in glucose, their receptors are turned off (arrestin), this increases glucose levels in the bloods. This causes which type of Diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| When Insulin binds to the cell surface, then binds to glucose, and taken into the cell. Must be treated with insulin because they do not produce enough. This is caused by which type of Diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which enzyme regulation involves the one time, irreversible removal of a portion of the polypeptide chain by an appropriate proteolytic (protein degrading) enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| Which proteases is the proteolytic cleavage modification demonstrated well in? |
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Definition
Pepsin
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase |
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Term
| Each kind of proteases if produced in an inactive form termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give some examples inactive zymogens. |
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Definition
Pepsinogen
Trypsinogen
Chymotyrpsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase |
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Term
| Inactive pepsinogen is secreted where? |
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Definition
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Term
| The other enzymes (other than pepsinogen) are secreted where? |
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Definition
| Into the duodenum of the small intestines |
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Term
| What enzyme activates zymogens, that digest almost all of our ingested proteins into free amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trypsin in synthesized in the pancreas as ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can lead to acute pancreatitis? |
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Definition
| The compartmental co-localization of trypsinogen and cathespin B could result in premature activation of tyrpsinogen |
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Term
| What is an indicator of the first molecular event during experimental pancreatitis? |
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Definition
TAP
Trypsin Activation Protein |
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Term
| In the acute experimental pancreatitis report, what was shown as one of the first steps that lead to release of TAP into the peritoneum, plasma and urine? |
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Definition
| It consisted of inappropriate and premature activation of tyrpsinogen into active trypsin within the pancreas |
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Term
| A family of cysteine proteases that play an essential role in apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The plasma membrane has dual functions, what are they? |
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Definition
Prevent loss of cytosol into the env
Allow exchange of substances across the membrane with the env |
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Term
| There are two categories of movement of substances across a membrane are? |
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Definition
Passive Transport and
Active Transport |
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Term
| Which type of transportation is done by diffusion and requires no ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of transportation is done by the energy coupled transport process and is ATP dependent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the four methods in which substances can move across membranes? |
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Definition
Simple Diffusion through a lipid bilayer
Simple diffusion through an aqueous protein lined channel
Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport |
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Term
| What is the spontaneous process in which substances move from a region of high conc to a region of low conc? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two qualification must be met for a nonelectrolyte to be passively diffused across the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
1. Substance must be present in higher conc on one side of the memb than the other
2. The membrane must be permeable to the substance |
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Term
| Name two reasons why a membrane may be permeable to a specific solute? |
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Definition
1. because the solute can pass directly through the lipid bilayer
2. Because he solute can traverse an aqueous pore that spans the membrane |
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Term
| What process contributed to Dialysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can Dialysis be used to do? |
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Definition
| Treat patients with kidney failure by removing salt (urea) and replace the salt with a buffer for protein stability |
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Term
| What is the measure of the polarity (or nonpolarity) of a substance by measuring the solubility in a nonpolar solvent? |
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Definition
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Term
| The smaller the molecule the faster the?? |
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Definition
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Term
| The more soluble a molecule is in the membrane the faster it will ??? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two factors that affect simple diffusion of molecules? |
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Definition
| Partition coefficient and Size |
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Term
| Glucose is the cut off size for being to large to pass through the membrane itself, it requires what to be transported into the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Large molecules such as sugars, amino acids, and phosphorylated intermediates have poor membrane penetrability and require what to let them in an out of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| The smaller the molecule the faster the?? |
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Definition
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Term
| The more soluble a molecule is in the membrane the faster it will ??? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two factors that affect simple diffusion of molecules? |
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Definition
| Partition coefficient and Size |
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Term
| Glucose is the cut off size for being to large to pass through the membrane itself, it requires what to be transported into the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Large molecules such as sugars, amino acids, and phosphorylated intermediates have poor membrane penetrability and require what to let them in an out of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the movement of a molecule across a membrane by the aid of a protein that does not just form a channel but instead binds the ligand and undergoes a conformational change delivering the molecule across the memb? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins that operate in facilitated diffusion are termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport proteins are formerly known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term is applied to some transport proteins that move uncharged molecules like glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| List three properties that transport proteins share with enzymes? |
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Definition
Can be inhabited
Can be saturated
Can be specific |
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