Term
|
Definition
| it occurs throughout one's lifetime...reshape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you get older they decrease so you should walk so that calcium comes out of the bone and goes into the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| how does osteoporosis result |
|
Definition
| diminished calcium absorption and reabsoption of the long bones; as well as reduction in bone mineral and mass |
|
|
Term
| what types of bones shorten |
|
Definition
| all but long bones, the disks between vertebrae gets shorter...loss of cartilage and flattening of vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| how much height do you lose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are men or women more likely to have osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| women relate to menopausal hormone changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcification of articular surfaces which leads to joint pain |
|
|
Term
| can muscular atrophy be prevented |
|
Definition
| no but it can be stalled by fitness, inactivity heightens it |
|
|
Term
| what happens to tendons as one ages |
|
Definition
| they shrink and harden (less flexibility and elasticity) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to muscles as one ages |
|
Definition
| atrophy and reduction in the muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| when are there more pain around joints and why |
|
Definition
| when it is cloudy r/t joint swelling r/t barometric pressure changes (decrease=increase in inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to bones as one ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to knees as one ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to hips as one ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to wrist as one ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of flexions occur as older |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to flexion and extension movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can be done to reduce risk of falls |
|
Definition
| increase ability to balance and stretch |
|
|
Term
| how much a day should an older person be active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what helps with joint flexibilty pharmacologically |
|
Definition
| glucosamine...w/collagen and joint flexibility |
|
|
Term
| musculoskeletal health promotion |
|
Definition
| promotion of physical exercise, education r/t to importance of exercise |
|
|
Term
| what 5 things to exercise programs need to address |
|
Definition
| cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, strength training, quality and quantity of exercise and goals and strategies for exercise |
|
|
Term
| what kind of exercises can be done for someone who is bed bound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who should exercise for at least 30 min a day |
|
Definition
| ACSM and AHA recommends it for those over 65 and those 50 and over with functional limitations and chronic conditions |
|
|
Term
| what should you make sure to ask older adults about their physical fitness |
|
Definition
| do you have regular exercise built into your life and if not why not |
|
|
Term
| key elements of strength training |
|
Definition
| resistance and progression |
|
|
Term
| when finding an exercise routine for an older adult what should be considered and why |
|
Definition
| their individual preferences, if don't like it won't do it |
|
|
Term
| is osteoarthritis a normal change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definition of osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| degenerative joint disease (DJD); loss of articular cartilage at articulating joints and hypertrophy of bones at artiuclar margins |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of arthritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is osteoarthritis detected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both genders equally; and 90% of us have x-ray evidence by age 40 |
|
|
Term
| what increases risk for OA (idiopathic) |
|
Definition
| increase in age=increase in risk; theorized genetic link that leads to more progressive destruction of cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength training and stretching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obesity (4-5 times), trauma, inflammation of joint structures, joint instability and neuro disorders and wear and tear of joints |
|
|
Term
| what kind of pain comes with osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| deep ache aggravated by use and relieved by rest |
|
|
Term
| what can help with early morning problems with OA |
|
Definition
| ROM in early morning helps relieve stiffness after night of sleep (not aggressive tho bc can cause more pain and harm) |
|
|
Term
| #1 nursing intervention with OA and why |
|
Definition
| risk for falls b/c at an increased risk for falls and fractures...safety is #1 |
|
|
Term
| what can be noted on the xray w OA |
|
Definition
| interjoint space narrowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relieve pain, maintain mobility, reduce joint swelling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no it just affects joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warm up and stretch, start slowly to prevent pain, low impact 3X per week 30 min per day, wear good shoes, no exercise if pain is worse an/or joint ever feels hot or swollen |
|
|
Term
| other than meds or exercise what treatments are available for OA |
|
Definition
| heat/ice (end with ice since its a constrictor that will help or prevent swelling), assistive walking device, weight loss, hip replacement surgery |
|
|
Term
| 4 medication categories for OA |
|
Definition
| analgesics, topical analgesics, NSAIDS and interjoint corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| most common fracture for the elderly |
|
Definition
| radial b/c break arm trying to prevent or catch themselves from a fall |
|
|
Term
| types of analgesics r/t OA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topical analgesics for OA |
|
Definition
| capsaicin (capzasin, zostrix); counterirritants (bengay and icy hot); salicylates (aspercream) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cox 2 inhibitors and patients call these wonder drugs but b/c of AMI and CVA consequences lead to most being taken off the market but celebrex is still around |
|
|
Term
| information important about NSAIDS (negative SE) |
|
Definition
| can increase B/P, don't give if allergic to aspirin/salicylates, risk for renal toxicity, GI distress, GI bleeds, tinnitus, hepatic toxicity too |
|
|
Term
| what to take with NSAIDS and why |
|
Definition
| milk b/c it coats the intestines |
|
|
Term
| interjoint corticosteroid injection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who are NSAIDS contraindicated in |
|
Definition
| those with allergies to salicylates, renal or hepatic impairment, asthmatic, peptic ulcer, bleeding disorders, SLE |
|
|
Term
| nurse teaching with NSAIDS |
|
Definition
| take with meals, no alcohol, stop 5-7 days before surgery |
|
|
Term
| why stop NSAIDs 5-7 days before surgery |
|
Definition
| b/c it increases risk of bleeding |
|
|
Term
| two types of osteoarthritis nutritional supplements |
|
Definition
| glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| OA treatment and preventative; may increase insulin resistance; GI upset; cannot take if have a shellfish allergy; 1500 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the progressive deterioration and abrasian of joint cartilage with the formation of new bone at the surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| OA treatment and preventative dosage of 1200 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| EBP of glucosamin and chondroitin sulfate |
|
Definition
| place pt on a 60-90 day trial period of both drugs combined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| porous bones; loss of bone mass, increased risk for fractures and increased bone fragility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 80% if those with it are women r/t hormonal menopause changes |
|
|
Term
| is osteoporosis preventable or treatable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should one take in calcium to prevent |
|
Definition
| before age 30-35 to prevent chances of disease |
|
|
Term
| what is GREAT for calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are other dietary sources of calcium |
|
Definition
| dairy products like milk or cheese; lactose helps with calcium absorption, sardines, clams, salmon, dark green leafy veggies |
|
|
Term
| recommended daily calcium intake for women and men |
|
Definition
| both 1000 mg but postmenopausal women need 1200 mg a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic disorder in which excess uric acid accumulates in the blood; as a result uric acid crystals are deposited in an around any joints in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe pain an tenderness of the joint, warmth, redness and swelling around the tissue |
|
|
Term
| pain level during an acute attack of gout |
|
Definition
| may be able to bear no weight on it or even have blanket or clothes on it |
|
|
Term
| how long are gout attacks |
|
Definition
| they can last weeks or months but there can be long periods of remission between them though |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to reduce sodium urate through a low purine diet...also low sodium |
|
|
Term
| medication for acute gout attacks |
|
Definition
| colchicine or phenlybutazone |
|
|
Term
| medication for long term gout management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can increase uric acid levels which is bad for gout |
|
Definition
| ETOH, thiazide diuretics, turkey, veal, bacon, liver, kidney, brain, artichokes, sardines, herrin, salmon, legumes |
|
|
Term
| what things other than medications can be used to treat gout |
|
Definition
| protect the limbs from bumps, rest and elevate joint for 24 hours and force fluids 2 L per day to flush out the uric acid and prevent renal stones |
|
|
Term
| braden scale general trend |
|
Definition
| the higher the number the better off you are :) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scores range from 6-23 19-23 is good; 15-18 is mild risk 13-14 is moderate risk 10-12 is high risk and nine and under is very high risk |
|
|
Term
| what 6 things does the braden scale assess for |
|
Definition
| sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, friction and shear (degree of assistance needed to move position in bed) |
|
|
Term
| other pressure ulcer risk assessments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure resulting in damage of underlying tissue |
|
|
Term
| how many calories a day to prevent pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many grams of protein a day to prevent pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
| 1.25-1.3grams/proein/kg/day |
|
|
Term
| what are factors other than nutrition to consider r/t pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
| aging, lowered mental statues, immunosuppressant drugs, infection, continence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be spongy before you see it, warm skin, and sensation, possibly slightly reddened |
|
|
Term
| where are pressure ulcers likely to occur |
|
Definition
| coccyx and bony prominences like heel |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take a pressure ulcer to develop |
|
Definition
| it can happen all in one shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves partial thickness loss involving epidermis, dermis or both, ulcer is superficial, clinical presentation is abrasion, blister or shallow crater |
|
|
Term
| stage three pressure ulcer |
|
Definition
| full thickness skin loss, damage or necrossi of sub q tissue to underlying fascia; clinical presentation: deep crater with or with out undermining of adjacent tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| full thickness loss; extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, sinus tracts, damage to muscle, bone or supporting tissue |
|
|
Term
| key staging points for pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
| pm;u stage once, stage to maximum anatomic depth of tissue involved, do not reverse stage as the ulcer heals |
|
|
Term
| limitations of nursing staging pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
| difficult to evaluate darkly pigmented skin, use natural or halogen light NOT fluorescent light, cannot be staged with eschar (can go by feel instead of visual) |
|
|
Term
| who is most at risk for pressure ulcer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to assess for pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
| on admission and regularly |
|
|
Term
| how often should you reposition someone who is bedbound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often should someone in a chair shift weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the s/sx of dehydration |
|
Definition
| thirst, very dry mouth skin and mucous membranes, sleeplessness, irritability, little or no urination, dark urine, sunken eyes, less elastic skin, dry skin, low b/p, delirium, rapid heart beat and breathing, no tears when crying, fever, HA, constipation, dizziness or lightheadedness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less cells, reduction in lean body mass, total body fat increase, decrease in intracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| noticable integumentary system changes r/t aging (6) |
|
Definition
| flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction; reduced thickness of the dermis, degeneration of elastic fibers, increased coarseness of collagen, atrophy of hair bulbs and decline in hair growth, increased fragility of the skin, more transparent skin |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ears cosmetically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to skin around eyes |
|
Definition
| ectropion, darkening and wrinkling of sking around eyes |
|
|
Term
| what happens to woman's gait |
|
Definition
| it becomes wider even though a males is still wider |
|
|
Term
| what happens to facial hair in women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to skinfold thickeness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the window to overall health |
|
Definition
| skin...past practices influence skin health |
|
|
Term
| promotion of healthy skin (4) |
|
Definition
| no excessive bathing, only use moisturizing soap, good nutrition and hydration, and use of massage to promote circulation |
|
|
Term
| what stage of sleep do they stay in most of the time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is considered quality sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one's state of health and well-being |
|
|
Term
| what is associated with lack of sleep |
|
Definition
| risks to physical and mental health |
|
|
Term
| what risk is increased by lack of sleep specifically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no noise unless its soft white noise and lights down |
|
|
Term
| what % of older adults reported sleep distrubances |
|
Definition
| 50% and 1 in 8 are diagnosed by a physician |
|
|
Term
| what percent of those with sleeping issues are healthy older adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of those with sleeping issues are hospitalized older adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common complaints of older adults r/t sleeping pattern |
|
Definition
| daytime fatigue, difficulty falling asleep |
|
|
Term
| ways we talked about in class to help improve with sleep |
|
Definition
| soft music, walking in early afternoon, foods like warm milk, herbal tea, lavender scent, relaxing bath, massage, have activity spaced throughout the day |
|
|
Term
| what happens in stage 1 sleep for the elderly |
|
Definition
| increased REM stage 1 wakefulness |
|
|
Term
| what types of sleep is stage 3 and 4 |
|
Definition
| NREM slow wave deep sleep |
|
|
Term
| causes of sleep disturbances (8) |
|
Definition
| nocturia, restless leg syndrome, periodic limb movements, sleep apnea, dementia, alcoholism, depression, illness |
|
|
Term
| what types of drinks should be avoided in the late afternoon |
|
Definition
| caffinated drinks or coffee |
|
|
Term
| what is very important to find out duirng sleep assessment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to do with sleep apnea |
|
Definition
| CPAP machines can wake partner |
|
|
Term
| nonpharmacologic options to help with sleep |
|
Definition
| remove contributing factors, increase physical activity, bedtime ritual, sleep hygeine, exposure to light upon awakening, CPAP, cognitive behavior therapy, stress management |
|
|
Term
| 7 medical conditions that can affect sleep |
|
Definition
| chronic disease, cardio or resp, diabetes, GERD, musculoskeletal, dementia, depression or other emotional problems |
|
|
Term
| 12 medications that affect sleep |
|
Definition
| antiHTN, anticholinergic, antidepressants, alcohol, benzodiazapines, beta blockers, diuretics, steroids, theophylline, thyroid preparations, levodopa, caffeine |
|
|
Term
| what kind of room impairs sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stress management to promote sleep |
|
Definition
| respond to stress in a healthy manner, manage lifestyle, relax, pray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to focus or accomodate properly due to reduced elasticity of the lens...probelms focusing on near objects and adapting to light |
|
|
Term
| what happens to pupil size as one ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to photoreceptors as one ages |
|
Definition
| there is a loss of them in the retina |
|
|
Term
| what does age have to do with glare and why |
|
Definition
| sensitivity to glare increases due to cataracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opafication of the lens and vitreous...film over eyes...cloudy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can not see central only peripharally (from decreased blood supply to retina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| /c less efficient reabsorption of intraocular fluid |
|
|
Term
| issues r/t cataracts involving color |
|
Definition
| yellowing of lens makes it had to differentiate between blues, greens and violets |
|
|
Term
| other names for acute glaucoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe eye pain, HA, N&V, rapid increased tension, dialation of pupil, vision becomes blurred and blindness will ensue if not treated in 24 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to treat acute glaucoma |
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and mb later iridectomy to prevent future episodes of acute glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| other names for chronic glaucoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs so gradually some don't even realize it is occuring...peripheral loss first then moves to central |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tired feeling in eyes, misty eyes, seeing halos around lights, HA, cloudiness, pupil may be fixed and dialated |
|
|
Term
| treatment of chronic glaucoma |
|
Definition
| combination of miotic and carbonic anyhdrase inhibitor or surgeries such as iridectomy, iridencleisis, cyclodialysis |
|
|
Term
| can vision loss from glaucoma be restored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often do they need to get eye exams |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do yearly eye exams need to screen for |
|
Definition
| glaucoma, cataracts, vision changes, and a need for change in corrective lenses |
|
|
Term
| do you need prompt evaluation for itching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do you need prompt evaluation for dry or watery eyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what diseases can affect vision |
|
Definition
| diabetes, htn, malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| why do you need to protect your eyes from UV radiation |
|
Definition
| to prevent increased risk for cataracts |
|
|
Term
| main risk factor for cataracts |
|
Definition
| UVB radiation so wear sunglasses |
|
|
Term
| other risk factors for cataracts (11) |
|
Definition
| age, diabetes, family h/x, eye injury/inflammation, eye surgery, smoking, alcohol, htn, obesity, radiation therapy, prolonged use of corticosteroid medications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objects become blured, night vision is decreased, glare becomes bothersome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a degenerative eye disease in which the optic nerve is damaged from elevated intraocular pressure |
|
|
Term
| what is the 2nd most common eye disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 2nd most common cause of blindness in older adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kinds of drugs can cause of exacerbate glaucoma |
|
Definition
| anticholinergic drugs r/t pupil dialation for extended periods of time |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of blindness in those over 65 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are helpful with macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| magnifying glasses and high intensity reading lamps |
|
|
Term
| is a detached retina painful |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden appearance of floaters-small bits of debri appear to float in front of eyes; sudden flashes of light in affected eye; a shadow or cutrain that develops over a portion of the visual field as the detachment progresses |
|
|
Term
| what should you not do if you think you have a detached retina |
|
Definition
| look down b/c it increases pressure |
|
|
Term
| is detached retina an emergency...why or why not |
|
Definition
| it is b/c vision can be permanently lost |
|
|
Term
| treatment of detached retina |
|
Definition
| surgery to reattach it and after have to wear an eye patch |
|
|
Term
| what does a detached retina put you at risk for |
|
Definition
| a detached retina in another eye |
|
|
Term
| what kind of lightening should be used when seeing someone who is visually impaired |
|
Definition
| soft indirect lighting...avoid a single bright light |
|
|
Term
| what kind of colors should be used for someone who is visually impaired |
|
Definition
| bright colors..avoid low tones and contrasting colors at doors, stiars, and places where the level changes |
|
|
Term
| how to identify a visually impaired person's belongings |
|
Definition
| designs not letters or numbers |
|
|
Term
| things a person with visual impairement can do what |
|
Definition
| arrange transportation, avoid stairs when possible, look down to make sure not walk over crub |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age-related high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (progressive)(hard to hear sounds like s and th) |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the ear are involved in prebycusis |
|
Definition
| inner, middle and outer but mostly just inner ear |
|
|
Term
| if prebycusis is age related is it necessary to get it checked out |
|
Definition
| yes hearing impairment of any kind should not be ignored |
|
|
Term
| what are some nursing interventions for those with prebycusis |
|
Definition
| let them read your lips so be in close proximity and look at them square on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech of others often seems mumbled or slurred and high pitched sounds such as s and th are difficult to hear and tell apart...tinnitus may also occur |
|
|
Term
| does background noise matter for someone with hearing loss |
|
Definition
| yes it makes it more difficult for them to understand conversations |
|
|
Term
| can a person with hearing loss more easily understand a womans or a mans voice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does anything seem loud to a person with hearing loss |
|
Definition
| yes some sounds seem annoying or overly loud |
|
|
Term
| what can hearing loss lead to and why |
|
Definition
| social isolation b/c sick of having to get people to repeat what they say...make sure to have a good light on you so they can read lips |
|
|
Term
| should you shout if someone has a hearing disorder |
|
Definition
| no it could distort the sound you should speak somewhat louder tho...and try to speak more slowly as well |
|
|
Term
| what should you do if a person with a hearing disorder appears to not understand you |
|
Definition
| rephrase your statement into shorter, simpler sentences |
|
|
Term
| what to do if you and a hearing impaired person are at a large gathering or restaurant |
|
Definition
| choose seats or conversation areas away from the main crowd or noisiest areas |
|
|
Term
| should you speak into the good or bad ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should you do if someone is severely hearing impaired but not deaf |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do older individuals learn best |
|
Definition
| thru their physical senses and when it is problem centered |
|
|
Term
| do older adults like choice in their learning |
|
Definition
| yes choice and self-direction |
|
|
Term
| what is key to ask when doing teaching with an older adult |
|
Definition
| what they already know so you can connect to that and build upon it |
|
|
Term
| what is learning related to |
|
Definition
| past and current experiences |
|
|
Term
| do older adults get more out of hands on/experience or passive learnign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary teaching strategies for older learning |
|
Definition
| hands on, self-report journals, discussions |
|
|
Term
| what do older adults really want from learning |
|
Definition
| for it to be immediately applicable to current problems |
|
|
Term
| do older adults like competitive learning environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of older adults are visual learners and what does this mean |
|
Definition
| 83% and this means pamphlets are good tools |
|
|
Term
| what % are auditory learners |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % are kinesthetic learners |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed and ability of older people to learn |
|
Definition
| learn at a slower speed but have the same ability |
|
|
Term
| what kind of methods should be used for teaching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often should learning activities be changed and why |
|
Definition
| 20 min b/c if attention span |
|
|
Term
| how long should teaching last overall |
|
Definition
| no longer than 30 min without a break |
|
|
Term
| what kind of environment do older adults learn from best |
|
Definition
| informal small group with informal seating arrangements...circle may be ok tho |
|
|
Term
| what fraction of people in their 80s have some degree of hearing loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many times should important information be repeated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of vocal style should be used when presenting information |
|
Definition
| informal, conversational and stop for questions |
|
|
Term
| should chairs be put together or apart during teaching..why or why not |
|
Definition
| they should be put apart so no background convos that can be distracting |
|
|
Term
| what kind of contrast is best for information |
|
Definition
| black lettering and white background |
|
|
Term
| what reading level should teaching materials be capped at 5-6th grade reading level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much is pulse ox reduced between 20 and 80 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to cilliary action as one ages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what breathing function test is reduced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to resp reflexes |
|
Definition
| cough and laryngeal reflexes are blunted |
|
|
Term
| what happens to residual capactiy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fewer in number but larger size; less elastic as well, develop fibrous tissue and have fewer capillaries...less gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| what happens to thoracic muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to baisalar inflation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is really important for the elderly to remember in regards to respiratory health |
|
Definition
| the power of coughing and deep breathing |
|
|
Term
| what happens to noise hair in elderly and why is this significant |
|
Definition
| they become thicker so there is a greater chance of secretion obstruction |
|
|
Term
| why is kyphosis so damaging to the respiratiory system |
|
Definition
| it is b/c the lungs can't expand as well |
|
|
Term
| what happens to inspiratory and expiratory muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to costal cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens specifically to lung tissue |
|
Definition
| it becomes smaller, more rigid with less recoil, less elastic collagen and elastin as well |
|
|
Term
| dental problems r/t repsiratory |
|
Definition
| loose or brittle teeth can dislodge or break leading to lung abcesses and infections from the aspiration of tooth fragments |
|
|
Term
| what else contributes to the risk of aspiration |
|
Definition
| relaxed spinchters and slower gastric |
|
|
Term
| what does a decreased in ICF mean in terms of respiratory |
|
Definition
| drier mucous membranes which can lead to mucous plugs and infections |
|
|
Term
| what does thicker nose hair means ELSE |
|
Definition
| they accumulate a greater number of particles and dirt upon inpsiration |
|
|
Term
| what may delay the diagnosis of pneumonia |
|
Definition
| altered pain signals and altered body temperature |
|
|
Term
| what does immobility lead to with respiratory |
|
Definition
| a decrease in repiratroy function,promote infection, complicate treatment of respiartory problems |
|
|
Term
| 3 results of aging on respiratory health |
|
Definition
| more accessory muscle use upon exertion, full expiration is harder than inspiration, repiratroy problems develop easier and are harder to manage |
|
|
Term
| what to do if don't know if had flu or pneumonia vaccine |
|
Definition
| give full dose again it won't hurt them |
|
|
Term
| what can go leaps and bounds with respiratory health |
|
Definition
| adequate fluid intake and nutrition |
|
|
Term
| when to go to a primary care physician for respiratory problems |
|
Definition
| at first sign especially with upper respiratory illness lasting more than one week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all throughout life or as an older adult....as an older adult have a greater risk of dying from it |
|
|
Term
| what body system does asthma put extra stress on and why is this important |
|
Definition
| cardiac b/c can lead to cardiac problems too |
|
|
Term
| what increases risk for COPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causative factors for adult asthma |
|
Definition
| chronic respiratory infections, emotions, mouth breathing |
|
|
Term
| since older adults may have trouble using inhaler what can help |
|
Definition
| the use of a spacer which allows the inhalant medication to penetrate deeper into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| when should you assess ability to use inhaler |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overuse of inhalers lead to what |
|
Definition
| cardiac arrythmias which may lead to death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cromolyn but may take longer for effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may not realize until bronchospasms cause difficulty in breathing in cold or damp weather |
|
|
Term
| s/sx of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| persistent, productive cough, wheezing, reccurrent respiratroy infections, SOB |
|
|
Term
| what does chronic bronchitis result from |
|
Definition
| recurrent inflammation and mucus production of the bronchiala tubes...overtime leads to blockage and scarring that restricts airflow |
|
|
Term
| why does hypoxia occur with chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| b/c secretions restrict airflow and cause CO2 retention |
|
|
Term
| management of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| remove secretions and prevent airway obstruction by force fluids and coughing |
|
|
Term
| 2 speical nursing interventions for chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| stop smoking and help prevent respiratory infections from occuring |
|
|
Term
| as chronic bronchitis continues what can occur |
|
Definition
| emphysema and death from obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronib broncitis, chronic irritation (smoking, chemicals, pollutants), changes in air sacs, destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trouble breathing sitting upright, chronic cough, hypoxia, low energy(fatigue, low nutrition,) |
|
|
Term
| life threatening complications for emphysema |
|
Definition
| recurrent respiratory infections, malnutrition, CHF, cardiac arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| postural drainage, bronchodialators, avoid stress, breathing exercises, lung volume reduction surgery, avoid cold weather |
|
|
Term
| why should oxygen be used carefully in those with emphysema |
|
Definition
| low o2 stimulates breathing for them |
|
|
Term
| who is lung cancer most common in |
|
Definition
| older than 65, male smokers who are AA |
|
|
Term
| what are risk factors to lung cancer other than smoking |
|
Definition
| abestos, coal gas, radioactive dusts, chormates exposure; lung scars from illness TB and pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| when do symptoms of lung cancer occur |
|
Definition
| often asymptomatic until it progresses far so it is important to check those at high risk often |
|
|
Term
| s/sx of progressed lung cancer |
|
Definition
| dysonea, coughing, chest pain, fatigue, anorexia, wheezing, recurrent URI |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose lung cnacer |
|
Definition
| chest reentgenogram, sputum cytology, bronchoscopy and biopsy |
|
|
Term
| what can lung abcesses result from |
|
Definition
| TB, pneumonia, malignancy, trauma, aspiration of foreing material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, temperature elevation, chronic cough...need a high caloire high protein diet |
|
|
Term
| what is important to remember with IV fluids with older |
|
Definition
| get fluid overload easier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick and rigid r/t sclerosis and fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| effects of AV valves issues |
|
Definition
| incomplete closure and murmurs |
|
|
Term
| what part of the heat experiences hypertrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the aorta in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| loses strength and efficiacy=decreased CO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in # and become irregular |
|
|
Term
| what makes the heart have more work and less outpput |
|
Definition
| increased diastolic and systolic filling times a fib and tachycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner layer of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what happens to tunica intima |
|
Definition
| fibrosis, calcium and lipid accumulation-atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to tunica media |
|
Definition
| thins, calcification of elastin fibers, increase in collagen=vessel stiffening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired baroreceptor function and increased PR, atherosclerosis, emotional stress, hyperthyroidism, parkinson, renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased sensitivity of baroreceptors, antiHTN, cardiac disease |
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular health promotion |
|
Definition
| nutrition, exercise, stop smoking, stress management, periodic checkups, aspirin q day, multivitamin, alcohol in moderation, CRP screening |
|
|
Term
| cardio function of an older adult in good health |
|
Definition
| similar to a younger adult in poor health |
|
|
Term
| is aggressive HTn therapy ok |
|
Definition
| no its discouraged instead reduce sodium intake, lose weight, diuretics, stress reducing measures |
|
|
Term
| what can prevent postprandial hypotension |
|
Definition
| drinking a caffinated beverage after a meal |
|
|
Term
| what does hypotension increase risk of |
|
Definition
| stroke, falls, syncope, and cardia complications in the older person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SOB on exertion, confusion, insomnia, wnadering at night, agitation, depression, weakness, wheezing, bilateral ankle edema, weight gain, orthopnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ace inhibitors, beta blockers, dig, diuretics, sodium restriction |
|
|
Term
| what does CHF put the older person at risk for |
|
Definition
| skin breakdown r/t edema and poor tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
| what causes pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
| CHF, arrythmias, fractured hip, h/x of thrombosis, immobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confusion, apprehension, dyspnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemic heart disease that is more prevelant as person gets older |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some form of CAD present in most adults over 70 |
|
|
Term
| two problems associated with CAD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest pain r/t lack of oxygen to heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the first symptom of CAD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pain r/t angina described |
|
Definition
| pain can be as vague as pressure under sternum or described as squeezing or pressure in the sternal area...occasionally radiates down left arm |
|
|
Term
| what brings on angina and what relieves it |
|
Definition
| brought on by exertion or stress and relieved by nitroglycerin and rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain from MI is due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
| why is diagnosing of MI in older pts difficult |
|
Definition
| may be missed or delayed due to atypical symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atypical pain, no pain, pain radiating to the left arm, entire chest, neck and abdomen &confusion; syncope, cough, low grade fever, elevated sed rate, arrythmias/dysrhytmmias |
|
|
Term
| what does moist pale skin mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to b/p during MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potential problems after MI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who has the highest mortality rate from arrythmias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause arrythmmias |
|
Definition
| dig toxicity, infection, hypokalemia, angina, hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| nursing measures to improve circulation |
|
Definition
| maintain b/p, prevent pressure sores, prevent pooling of blood in extremities, encourage walking, prevent hypokalemia, monitor for drug SE, periodically evaluate physical and mental health |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the esophagus |
|
Definition
| more dialated and decreased motility |
|
|
Term
| what esophogeal changes can lead to aspiration |
|
Definition
| relaxed spinchter, weaker gag reflex, delayed emptying |
|
|
Term
| reduced saliva means what |
|
Definition
| reduced salivary ptyalin which is used to breakdown starches |
|
|
Term
| what happens to liver size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to intestinal blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to gastric mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than ptyalin what other enzymes are in shorter supply |
|
Definition
| HCL, pepsin, lipase, and pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what happens to overall GI peristalsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to thirst perception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are harder to absorb from the INTESTINES |
|
Definition
| fat, dextrose, and xylose |
|
|
Term
| absoption of what 4 things is faulty |
|
Definition
| vitamin b12 and d, calcium and iron |
|
|
Term
| why is risk for gallstones increased as one ages |
|
Definition
| less efficient cholesterol absorption and stabalization |
|
|
Term
| what happens to defecation sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| should one have a bowel management routine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in the amount of saliva produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not a problem related to aging but of poor dental care throughout life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swallowing can take 2X as long |
|
|
Term
| what to encourage if the person has hiatal hernia |
|
Definition
| eat small freqent meals NO LARGE MEALS |
|
|
Term
| causes of esophageal cancer |
|
Definition
| tobacco, alcohol, chronic irritation, and poor oral hygeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many drugs increase gastric acid secretion such as aspirin, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7) Anorexia, epigastric pain, weight loss and anemia; bleeding and enlargement of the liver may also occur; symptoms r/t pelvic metastasis may also develop….problems may be mistaken for indigestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8) The sigmoid and rectum tend to be frequent sites for carcinoma; colorectal cancer is the second most common malignancy in the U.S.; s/sx: bloody stools, change in bowel pattern, anorexia, nausea, pain over affected region, anemia; colostomy often results and it may alter self-concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| s/sx: sedentary lifestyle, decreased intake, laxative abuse b/c believe need to go 2X a day, bloating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| r/t constipation, irregular bowel movements, certain foods like high fiber and poor neuromuscular control of the anal spinchter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually diagnosed at a later stage |
|
|
Term
| there is a poor prognosis of what kind of cancer in OLDER persons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diverticula without diverticulitis or bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diverticula with inflammation and bleeding |
|
|
Term
| how to prevent diverticulitis |
|
Definition
| avoid constipation and obesity, high fiber, bran, avoid (nuts seeds popcorn figs and berries), adequate fluids, exercise |
|
|
Term
| what to do if a person has trouble with fiber cereal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should women get a pap |
|
Definition
| q 2 to 3 years after age 70 if 3 good paps in a ro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often to get a mammogram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to get a prostate exam |
|
Definition
| q year after age 50 and if family h/x start at 45 |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of prostate cancer |
|
Definition
| nocturia, hesitancy, hematuria, dysuria |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of prostate cancer |
|
Definition
| PSA elevated and DRE (digital rectal exam) |
|
|
Term
| when should mammograms start |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should a woman talk to doctor about screening for breast cancer earlier than 40 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a normal breast problem that may seem like cancer if it is not your normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can help fibrocystic breasts |
|
Definition
| decrease in caffeine consumption |
|
|
Term
| s/sx of endometrial cancer |
|
Definition
| vaginal bleeding after menopause |
|
|
Term
| women with a h/x of endometrial cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pros and cons of prostate screening |
|
Definition
| research has not yet identified if the pros of doing the test otuweight the harm |
|
|
Term
| who should for sure start prostate testing at 45 |
|
Definition
| AA or men with family h/x b4 age 65 |
|
|
Term
| all prostate screening mechanisms |
|
Definition
| DRE annually, annaual PSA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most are benign but BPH increases risk of malignancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysuria, hesitancy, decreased force of stream, frequency, nocturia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dribbling, poor control, overflow incontinence, bleeding, increased risk of bladder infection r/t retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HTN, BPH, decreased fluid retaining capacity of vesicles, decrease in bladder capactiy, frequent urination and less control over urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| penile implant, pump viagra |
|
|
Term
| what happens to brains conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to rxn and response time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to brain weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to blood flow to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of prolbems are entangled with neuro problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is there a decrease in brain wieght and size |
|
Definition
| decrase in neurons and nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| to brain structual changes leas to changes in behavior and thinking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to nerve cells individually |
|
Definition
| less of them, fewer dendrites, less myelin...changes in nerve conduction, reflexes, response time and ALTERED SENSE OF BALANCE |
|
|
Term
| what happens to hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| it has a decreased ability to regulate temperature |
|
|
Term
| decline in brain cells stats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes to sleep wake cycle...neuro |
|
Definition
| longer to fall asleep, more frequent awaken, less time in deep sleep |
|
|
Term
| what kind of tremors come with aging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do free radicals r/t to nerve cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can a brain recover as well from injury when it is old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the brain get plaque tangles and atrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of decerase in cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does intellectual performance start to change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to central processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do verbal skills start to go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to dermatones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does cardiac hypertrophy lead to |
|
Definition
| problems with pre and afterload which in affect decrease CO |
|
|
Term
| what does the pacemaker work as |
|
Definition
| SA node and will keep beating even after death |
|
|
Term
| what should older b/p be and why |
|
Definition
| less than 120/70 to keep from aneurym since bv are thinner with plaque and sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| are snowskiers, golfers or walkers more likely to worsen angina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low in fat high in fiber water fruits and veggies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if increase fiber have to increase water too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| c-reacting protein when increased there is endothelial disfunction which means pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| biggest sign of hypotension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol poor diet and obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitroglycerin instructions |
|
Definition
| only 1 at a time 3 max and 5 min in between |
|
|
Term
| what causes permanent heart damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| set thermostat at what and why |
|
Definition
| 75 to prevent hypothermia |
|
|
Term
| what food is naturally high in sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more exposure to UVA rays |
|
|
