Term
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Definition
| process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities |
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Term
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Definition
must be provided to an organism
Two categories of essential nutrients: |
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Term
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Definition
required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
Examples: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids |
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Term
| Micronutrients or trace elements |
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Definition
required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
Ex: Manganese, zinc, nickel |
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Term
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Definition
contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things
Methane (CH4), carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
Metals and their salts (magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and water |
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Term
| Chemical Analysis of ***Cell Contents |
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Definition
70% water
Proteins (most prevalent organic compounds)
96% of cell is composed of 6 elements:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Nitrogen |
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Term
| 96% of cell is composed of 6 elements: |
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Definition
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
an organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source
Not nutritionally dependent on other living things |
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Term
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Definition
Main reservoir is nitrogen gas (N2); 79% of earth’s atmosphere is N2
Nitrogen is part of the structure of proteins, DNA, RNA and ATP – these are the primary sources of N for heterotrophs
Some bacteria and algae use inorganic N sources (nitrate = NO3-, nitrite = NO2-, or ammonia = NH3)
Some bacteria can fix atmospheric N2 into a form that is usable by living organisms..
Regardless of how N enters the cell, it must be converted to NH3 (ammonia), the only form that can be combined with carbon to synthesize amino acids and other compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
Major component of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
Plays an important role in structural and enzymatic functions of cell
Component of inorganic salts (sulfates, phosphates, nitrates) and water
O2 makes up 20% of atmosphere
Essential to metabolism of many organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Major element in all organic compounds and several inorganic ones (water, salts, and gases)
Gases (hydrogen sulfide = H2S, methane = CH4, and hydrogen gas = H2), all of which are both produced and used by microbes |
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Term
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Definition
Maintaining pH (stands for "power/potential" of H ion concentration)
Acceptor of oxygen during aerobic cellular respiration |
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Term
| Phosphorous (Phosphate Sources) |
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Definition
Main inorganic source is phosphate (PO4-3) derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4) found in rocks and oceanic mineral deposits
Key component of nucleic acids, essential to genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| Serves in energy transfers (ATP = adenosine triphosphate; contains 3 phosphate atoms; breakage of bond releasing third phosphate provides energy for metabolism) |
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Term
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Definition
Widely distributed in environment, rocks; sediments contain sulfur or compounds (including gases) containing sulfur
Essential component of some vitamins and some amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Contributes to stability of proteins by forming "disulfide bonds" |
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Term
| Formed by sulfur to stabilize proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| essential to protein synthesis and membrane function |
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Term
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Definition
| important to some types of cell transport |
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Term
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Definition
| component of chlorophyll; membrane and ribosome stabilizer |
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Term
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Definition
| component of proteins of cell respiration |
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Term
| Essential Organic Nutrients |
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Definition
| Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them |
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Term
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Definition
must be provided as a nutrient
Examples: Essential amino acids, vitamins |
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Term
| Main determinants of nutritional type |
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Definition
If classify based on Carbon source – heterotroph, autotroph
If classify based on Energy source
:
Chemotroph – gain energy from chemical compounds (such as organics like carbohydrates, or inorganic chemicals)
Phototrophs – gain energy from light (through photosynthesis); transform it into chemical energy to be used for metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| gain energy from chemical compounds (such as organics like carbohydrates, or inorganic chemicals) |
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Term
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Definition
| gain energy from light (through photosynthesis); transform it into chemical energy to be used for metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| obtains carbon from an organic form from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source |
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Term
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Definition
| gain energy from chemical compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| gain energy from light (through photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| get energy from light and carbon from CO2 (include all photosynthetic organisms) |
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Term
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Definition
| survive totally on inorganic substances, such as hydrogen gas, sulfur, or iron, which they combine with CO2 (carbon source) and H2 to produce organic molecules and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of archaeon chemoautotroph; produce methane gas (as a by-product) under anaerobic conditions by combining CO2 and H2 |
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Term
| Heterotrophs and Their Energy Sources |
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Definition
Majority are chemoheterotrophs
Aerobic respiration (uses oxygen to break down organic compounds to produce energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| uses oxygen to break down organic compounds to produce energy |
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Term
| Two categories of chemoheterotrophic microbes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| some are free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms; fungi and certain bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| normally nonpathogenic; cause disease in an immunologically compromised host |
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Term
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Definition
| not obligate; not restricted to a host |
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Term
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Definition
derive nutrients from host
Pathogens
Some are obligate parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot live outside the host |
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Term
Extracellular digestion in a
saprobe: |
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Definition
1) Enzymes are secreted
outside the cell.
2) Enzymes break down
the nutrients (hydrolyze
the bonds)
3) Smaller molecules are
absorbed into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration
Diffusion
Osmosis – diffusion of water
Facilitated diffusion – requires a carrier protein in the cell membrane; carries hydrophilic molecules across the hydrophobic cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| requires a carrier protein in the cell membrane; carries hydrophilic molecules across the hydrophobic cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
requires energy and cell membrane protein pumps; gradient independent
Active transport (pumps molecules across membrane)
Group translocation – a type of active transport in which the transported molecule is chemically altered to its useful form inside the cell, during transport
Bulk transport – endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| pumps molecules across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of active transport in which the transported molecule is chemically altered to its useful form inside the cell, during transport |
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Term
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Definition
| ndocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Net Movement of Molecules Down Their Concentration Gradient
Ex) Sugar cube in aqueous
solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| equal solute inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| substance is enclosed by a portion of cell's membrane and forms a vesicle in the cytoplasm; two types: phagocytosis (solids engulfed); pinocytosis (liquids). |
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Term
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Definition
type of endocytosis
solids engulfed |
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Term
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Definition
type of endocytosis
liquids engulfed |
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Term
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Definition
| is just the opposite of endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat (how they deal with environmental conditions) |
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Term
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Definition
affect the functioning of metabolic enzymes, which catalyze reactions.
Factors include:
Temperature
Oxygen requirements
pH
Osmotic pressure
Barometric (atmospheric) pressure |
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Term
| Environmental factors that affect metabolic enzymes |
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Definition
Temperature
Oxygen requirements
pH
Osmotic pressure
Barometric (atmospheric) pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| highest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| optimum temperature below 15oC (59oF); capable of growth at 0oC (32oF) |
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Term
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Definition
| optimum temperature 20o-40oC (68o-104oF); most human pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| optimum temperature greater than 45oC (113oF) |
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Term
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Definition
As oxygen is utilized it can be transformed into several toxic products that can damage or destroy cells:
Singlet oxygen (1O2) (higher-energy species of molecular O2), superoxide ion (O2-), peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (OH-)
Most cells have developed enzymes that neutralize these chemicals:
Ex: superoxide ion requires 2 enzymes: superoxide dismutase and catalase, to convert the form to a nontoxic chemical form
If a microbe does not have the enzymes required to convert toxic oxygen, it is forced to live in oxygen-free habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot grow without oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| utilizes oxygen when present, but can also grow in its absence |
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Term
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Definition
| requires only a small amount of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment |
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Term
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Definition
| do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence |
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Term
| Categories of Oxygen Requirement |
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Definition
Aerobe – utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it
Obligate aerobe – cannot grow without oxygen
Facultative anaerobe – utilizes oxygen when present, but can also grow in its absence
Microaerophilic – requires only a small amount of oxygen
Anaerobe – does not utilize oxygen
Obligate anaerobe – lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment
Aerotolerant anaerobes – do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence |
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Term
| Carbon Dioxide Requirement |
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Definition
All microbes require some carbon dioxide in their metabolism
Capnophile – grows best at higher CO2 concentrations than normally present in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| grows best at higher CO2 concentrations than normally present in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
Majority of microorganisms grow at a pH between 6 and 8
Acidophiles – grow at extreme acid pH
Alkalinophiles – grow at extreme alkaline pH |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grow at extreme alkaline pH |
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Term
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Definition
Most microbes exist under slight hypotonic conditions (because their rigid cell walls withstand bursting), or isotonic conditions
Halophiles [hay’-loh] – require a high concentration of salt (hypertonic solution); have significant modifications in their cell walls and membranes.
Osmotolerant – do not require high concentration of solute such as salt but can tolerate it when it occurs.
Thus salt does not prevent all spoilage agents from growing on food, because many are osmotolerant or halophilic. |
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Term
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Definition
| require a high concentration of salt (hypertonic solution); have significant modifications in their cell walls and membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| do not require high concentration of solute such as salt but can tolerate it when it occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure (deep-sea microbes) |
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Term
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Definition
| two organisms live together in a close partnership |
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Term
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Definition
obligatory, dependent; both members benefit
Ex: bacteria in the gut that produce vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
commensal member benefits, other member neither harmed nor benefited
Ex: flatworms attached to gills of crab; eat food particles |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite is dependent and benefits; host is harmed |
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Term
| Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms |
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Definition
Symbiotic – two organisms live together in a close partnership
Mutualism – obligatory, dependent; both members benefit
Ex: bacteria in the gut that produce vitamins
Commensalism – commensal member benefits, other member neither harmed nor benefited
Ex: flatworms attached to gills of crab; eat food particles
Parasitism – parasite is dependent and benefits; host is harmed
Synergism – members cooperate to produce a beneficial result that none of them could do alone (Ex: one breaks down cellulose, another uses the cellulose to fix N, both use the N)
Antagonism – actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community (competition)
Antibiosis = producing chemicals that destroy other microbes nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| members cooperate to produce a beneficial result that none of them could do alone (Ex: one breaks down cellulose, another uses the cellulose to fix N, both use the N) |
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Term
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Definition
| actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community (competition) |
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Term
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Definition
| producing chemicals that destroy other microbes nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic bacteria, fungi, and a few protozoa |
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Term
| Interrelationships Between Microbes and Humans |
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Definition
Human body is a rich habitat for symbiotic bacteria, fungi, and a few protozoa - normal microbial flora
Commensal, parasitic, and synergistic relationships exist |
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Term
| Two microbial growth levels |
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Definition
growth at a cellular level with increase in size
increase in population |
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Term
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Definition
Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through
means one cell becomes two |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome, and forms a central transverse septum dividing the cell into two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| division plane forming across the width of the cell |
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Term
| Rate of Population Growth |
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Definition
Time required for a complete fission cycle is called the generation, or doubling time
Each new fission cycle increases the population by a factor of 2 – exponential growth
Generation times vary from minutes to days
Equation for calculating population size over time:
Nƒ = (Ni)2n
Nƒ is the final total number of cells in the population
Ni is starting number of cells
Exponent n denotes generation time (time elapsed divided by the time it takes in minutes or hours for a generation to double)
2n = total number of cells generated in that generation time |
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Term
| generation, or doubling time |
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Definition
| Time required for a complete fission cycle is called |
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Term
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Definition
| Each new fission cycle increases the population by a factor of 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| is the final total number of cells in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| is starting number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes generation time (time elapsed divided by the time it takes in minutes or hours for a generation to double) |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of cells generated in that generation time |
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Term
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Definition
| In laboratory studies, populations typically display a predictable pattern over time |
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Term
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Definition
| “flat” period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment |
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Term
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Definition
| rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
| as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially |
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Term
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Definition
| simply observe growth: degree of cloudiness, "turbidity", reflects the relative population size or growth in a test tube |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Turbidity measurements using a spectrophotometer |
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Definition
1) no growth, light passes thru
2) growth, cells scatter light |
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Term
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Definition
| spreading samples on plates, then counting the colonies that grow; counts only live cells |
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Term
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Definition
| count all cells present; uses a calibrated microscope slide |
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Term
| Automated Coulter counter |
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Definition
| uses an Electronic sensor detects each cell as it passes thru; count all cells present |
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Term
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Definition
Viable colony count – spreading samples on plates, then counting the colonies that grow; counts only live cells
Direct cell count – count all cells present; uses a calibrated microscope slide
Automated Coulter counter – uses an Electronic sensor detects each cell as it passes thru; count all cells present |
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Term
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Definition
| all chemical and physical workings of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| degradative; breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules; releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
| biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules; requires energy input |
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Term
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Definition
are specific proteins that serve as biological catalysts, which are molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation.
Most metabolic reactions would not occur fast enough to sustain life without the help of ...
promotes a reaction by serving as a physical site for specific substrate molecules to position for a reaction to take place.
operate under the specific temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure of organism’s habitat |
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Term
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Definition
the resistance to a reaction, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed.
The enzyme is not permanently altered in the reaction and is re-used for more reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reactant molecule that participates in the reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Conjugated enzymes (also called holoenzymes) |
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Definition
| contain a protein portion (called apoenzyme) + a nonprotein molecule (called cofactor) |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein portion in Conjugated enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
a nonprotein molecule in Conjugated enzymes
required by holoenzymes to be functional; can include:
Metal ions = inorganic cofactors = iron, copper, magnesium
Coenzymes = organic molecules; vitamins are common components of coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic cofactors = iron, copper, magnesium |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules; vitamins are common components of coenzymes |
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Term
| active site, or catalytic site |
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Definition
| site for substrate binding on the enzyme |
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Term
| A temporary enzyme-substrate union |
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Definition
| occurs when substrate is helped into the active site by the enzyme making slight changes in its shape, thus creating an “induced fit” |
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Term
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Definition
| when substrate is helped into the active site by the enzyme making slight changes in its shape, thus creating a |
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Term
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Definition
transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
Cellulase, amylase, penicillinase |
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Term
|
Definition
retained intracellularly and function there
Most enzymes are ... |
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Term
| Location and Regularity of Enzyme Action |
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Definition
Exoenzymes – transported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
Cellulase, amylase, penicillinase
Endoenzymes – retained intracellularly and function there
Most enzymes are endoenzymes
Constitutive enzymes – always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate present
Enzymes involved in glucose metabolism
Regulated enzymes – not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate |
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Term
|
Definition
always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate present
Enzymes involved in glucose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate |
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Term
| Synthesis or condensation reactions |
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Definition
| anabolic reactions to form shared-electron bonds between smaller substrate molecules, require ATP, release one molecule of water for each bond formed |
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Term
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Definition
| catabolic reactions that break down substrates into small molecules; requires the input of water to break bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| chemically unstable enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| weak bonds that maintain the shape of the enzyme are broken |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site. |
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Term
| Noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules (other than the substrate) on a separate site (other than the active site), which changes the shape of the enzyme and hence the active site.
Often the product molecule from the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acts as the inhibitor molecule, thus regulating the amount of product produced by a negative feedback mechanism.
Enzyme activity can be inhibited also at the genetic level by controlling their synthesis, i.e., the products of the reactions can bind to specific sites of DNA and prevent the transcription of the genes that code for enzyme production. |
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Term
| Biochemical and Metabolic pathways |
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Definition
Reactions seldom produce a product in one single reaction or step.
Usually, they occur in a series of reactions or steps, in which each step requires a specific enzyme.
Pathways can be shut down by negative feedback inhibition, which involves the accumulation of the final product participating in noncompetitive inhibition with the initial enzyme in the pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
the capacity to do work
can be stored in the chemical bonds between atoms within molecules, to be used later when needed in metabolic reactions.
When the bonds are broken, it is released |
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Term
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Definition
| heat, light, sound, electrical energy, mechanical energy, and chemical energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| can absorb, carry and release energy |
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Term
| Release of Chemical Energy - Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
1. Requires oxygen and occurs through the breakdown of digested food molecules (nutrients) such as amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, and glucose.
2. About 60% of the chemical energy in C.R. is released as heat, but about 40% is captured and "stored" for later use.
3. Energy is stored in the form of a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate, a nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups instead of one). |
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Term
|
Definition
1. When oxygen is available, up to 38 molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose broken down.
2. contain three phosphates in a chain.
3. Energy to be used is stored in the last phosphate bond.
4. Energy is stored while converting ADP to ATP; when energy is released, ATP becomes ADP, ready to be regenerated into ATP again. |
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Term
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Definition
the 1st part of C.R.
1. The first part of cellular respiration may involve the splitting of 6-C glucose that occurs through a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps called glycolysis.
2. The result is two 3-C molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid).
3. Glycolysis occurs in the "cytosol" (cytoplasm) and does not require oxygen (anaerobic), but only generates a net of 2 ATP molecules.
4. Energy from ATP is used to start the process but there is a net gain of energy as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
| the splitting of 6-C glucose that occurs through a series of enzyme-catalyzed steps called |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The result is two 3-C molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
Oxygen is needed
occurs within the mitochondria of eukaryotes, but in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of prokaryotes
much greater net gain of ATP molecules up to 36 new ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| also called tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), or the Krebs cycle), and the "electron transport chain" (in which oxygen accepts the hydrogens from glucose, making water; hence oxygen is required as the "electron acceptor"); each of these two series of reactions generate more ATP and release water and CO2 as end products. |
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Term
| final products of aerobic respiration |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide (waste product), water, and energy (ATP). |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to do work or to cause change |
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Term
|
Definition
Thermal (heat) = from molecular motion
Radiant = visible light or other rays
Electrical = flow of electrons
Mechanical = physical change in position
Atomic = reactions in the nucleus of an atom
Chemical = present in the bonds of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| visible light or other rays |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| physical change in position |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| present in the bonds of molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
Cells manage energy in the form of chemical reactions that make or break bonds and transfer electrons
Exergonic reactions – release energy
Endergonic reactions – consume energy
Energy present in chemical bonds of nutrients are trapped by specialized enzyme systems as the bonds of the nutrients are broken
Energy released is temporarily stored in high energy phosphate molecules. The energy of these molecules is used in endergonic cell reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Normally contains one proton and one electron, but can gives up its electron to other molecules, becoming a positively charged ... ion, often referred to simply as a “proton” (H+).
Can form hydrogen bonds with electronegative atoms.
(For simplication): In redox reactions, loss or gain of one normal ... is often referred to as the “loss or gain of one electron” (even though the ... is carrying a proton also) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electron transfers in redox reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
always occur in pairs
There is an electron donor (hydrogen in aerobic respiration) and electron acceptor (oxygen in aerobic respiration) which constitute a redox pair
Process salvages electrons and their energy
Released energy can be captured to phosphorylate ADP or another compound |
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Term
| Electron and Proton “Carriers” involved in cellular respiration |
|
Definition
In the series of reactions involving respiration, carriers repeatedly accept and release electrons and hydrogen to facilitate the transfer of redox energy; thus, they “carry” the electrons and hydrogens from one molecule to another
Most carriers are coenzymes:
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD, NADP, coenzyme A, and the compounds of the respiratory chain |
|
|
Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP |
|
Definition
Metabolic “currency”
Three part molecule consisting of:
Adenine – a nitrogenous base
Ribose – a 5-carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups
utilization and replenishment is a constant cycle in active cells
Removal of the terminal phosphate releases energy
can be formed by three different mechanisms |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP; this is how both ATP's are generated in glycolysis, and 2 more ATP's in the Kreb Cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| part of aerobic respiration pathway that uses electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) generated in glycolysis and the Kreb cycle to transport electrons down a chain of "redox" (reduced-oxidized) reactions (the “electron transport chain”), capturing energy in these reactions to phosphorylate ADP's, making more ATP's. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release
Includes catabolic and anabolic reactions |
|
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Term
| Primary catabolism of fuels (glucose) proceeds through a series of three coupled pathways: |
|
Definition
1.Glycolysis
2.Keri’s cycle
3.Respiratory chain, electron transport |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle, respiratory chain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis, the TCA cycle, respiratory chain; molecular oxygen is not final electron acceptor, but rather inorganic ions such as nitrates or sulfates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glycolysis, organic compounds (like ethyl alcohol or lactic acid) are the final electron acceptors |
|
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Term
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Definition
Series or enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which electrons are transferred from fuel molecules (glucose) to oxygen as a final electron acceptor
Glycolysis – glucose (6C) is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3C), NADH is generated
TCA – processes pyruvic acid and generates CO2 molecules; NADH and FADH2 also generated
Electron transport chain – accepts electrons from NADH and FADH; generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| glucose (6C) is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3C), NADH is generated |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| processes pyruvic acid and generates CO2 molecules; NADH and FADH2 also generated |
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Term
|
Definition
| accepts electrons from NADH and FADH; generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation |
|
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Term
| Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
Final processing of electrons and hydrogen and the major generator of ATP
Chain of redox carriers that receive electrons from reduced carriers (NADH and FADH2)
ETS shuttles electrons down the chain, energy is released and subsequently captured and used by enzyme ATP synthase complexes to produce ATP – Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| when ATP synthase complexes to produce ATP |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| as the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions (protons, positively charged, have lost their electrons) across the mitochondrial or cell membrane, setting up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the proton motive force. |
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Term
|
Definition
| concentration gradient of hydrogen ions set up by Chemiosmosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen accepts 2 electrons from the ETS and then picks up 2 hydrogen ions from the solution to form a molecule of water. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor |
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Term
|
Definition
Functions like aerobic respiration except it utilizes oxygen containing ions, rather than free oxygen, as the final electron acceptor
Nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-)
Most obligate anaerobes use the H+ generated during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to reduce some compound other than O2 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
Uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors; yields a small amount of ATP
Alcoholic fermentation includes conversion of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose
Pyruvic acid may be converted to other types of acids "acid fermentation" (ex: lactic acid bacterial producers largely responsible for souring of milk; human muscles can also revert to lactic acid fermentation in the absence of oxygen to produce energy).
Carbon dioxide is another product of fermentation of various bacteria (ex: the bubbles in beer and champagne = CO2 from fermentation). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| includes conversion of pyruvic acid to ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
Pyruvic acid may be converted to other types of acids
lactic acid bacterial producers largely responsible for souring of milk; human muscles can also revert to lactic acid fermentation in the absence of oxygen to produce energy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| product of fermentation of various bacteria (ex: the bubbles in beer and champagne = CO2 from fermentation). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The ultimate source of all the chemical energy in cells comes from the sun
Occurs in 2 stages
Light-dependent – photons of light are absorbed by chlorophyll, carotenoid, or other pigments
Water split by photolysis, releasing O2 gas and provide electrons to drive photophosphorylation
Released light energy used to synthesize ATP and NADPH (NADP is the final electron acceptor)
Light-independent reaction – dark reactions – “Calvin cycle” – uses ATP to fix CO2 into another compound that is converted to glucose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
photons of light are absorbed by chlorophyll, carotenoid, or other pigments
Water split by photolysis, releasing O2 gas and provide electrons to drive photophosphorylation
Released light energy used to synthesize ATP and NADPH (NADP is the final electron acceptor) |
|
|
Term
| Light-independent reaction |
|
Definition
| dark reactions – “Calvin cycle” – uses ATP to fix CO2 into another compound that is converted to glucose |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Transmission of biological traits from parent to offspring
2. Expression and variation of those traits
3. Structure and function of genetic material
4. How this material changes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sum total of genetic material of a cell (chromosomes + mitochondria/chloroplasts and/or plasmids) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genome of all nonviral cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA complexed with protein constitutes the genetic material |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Chromosome is subdivided into
The fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait
Site on the chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function
Segment of DNA (a specific sequence of nucleotides) that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Genes that code for proteins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Genes that control gene expression |
|
|
Term
| Three basic categories of genes |
|
Definition
1. Genes that code for proteins – structural genes
2. Genes that code for RNA
3. Genes that control gene expression – regulatory genes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
All types of genes constitute the genetic makeup
Ex: Genes that express blue eye color. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The expression of the genotype creates observable traits
Ex: blue eyes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Smallest virus has 4-5 genes
E. coli – single chromosome containing 4,288 genes and is 1 mm in length
this is 1,000X longer than the E. coli cell
Human cell – 46 chromosomes containing 31,000 genes; 6 feet long; 180,000X longer than a human cell |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
single chromosome containing 4,288 genes and is 1 mm in length
this is 1,000X longer than the E. coli cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 46 chromosomes containing 31,000 genes; 6 feet long; 180,000X longer than a human cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Two strands twisted into a double helix
Basic unit of DNA structure is a nucleotide
Each nucleotide consists of 3 parts:
A 5 carbon sugar – deoxyribose
A phosphate group
One of 4 nitrogenous bases – adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine
Nucleotides covalently bond (share electrons) in an arrangement that forms a sugar-phosphate linkage = the backbone
Each sugar attaches to two phosphates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Basic unit of DNA structure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A 5 carbon sugar – deoxyribose
A phosphate group
One of 4 nitrogenous bases – adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotides covalently bond (share electrons) in an arrangement that forms a sugar-phosphate linkage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Nitrogenous bases covalently bond to a carbon of each sugar and span the center of the molecule to pair with an appropriate complementary base on the other strand
Adenine always binds to thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine always binds to cytosine with 3 hydrogen bonds
Each strand provides a template for the exact copying of a new strand
Order of bases constitutes the DNA code |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| always binds to thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| always binds to cytosine with 3 hydrogen bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
Single-stranded molecule made of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar is ribose
One of 4 nitrogenous bases – adenine, uracil (instead of thymine), guanine, or cytosine
Phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maintenance of code during reproduction |
|
Definition
| Constancy of base pairing guarantees that the code will be retained |
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Term
|
Definition
| differences in the order of bases responsible for variable traits and unique qualities of each organism |
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Term
|
Definition
Making an exact duplicate of the DNA involves 30 different enzymes
Begins at an origin of replication
semiconservative |
|
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Term
|
Definition
part of DNA Replication
(enzyme) unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix |
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Term
|
Definition
part of DNA Replication
synthesized at the origin of replication
short strand of RNA that serves as a starting point for adding nucleotides |
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Term
|
Definition
part of DNA Replication
adds nucleotides
Both strands are copied (synthesized) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
part of DNA Replication
the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA
Separation of the daughter molecules is complete |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| it preserves the exact sequence of genes in the original parent molecule, because each chromosome ends up with one new strand of DNA and one old strand. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to
relatively short single-stranded segments of nucleotides that code for proteins. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to "messenger RNA" molecules (mRNA) through the process of
occurs at the chromosome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An mRNA is transcribed from only one strand of DNA
which contains the gene
Which strand becomes the “...” varies from one gene to another. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the other complementary DNA strand |
|
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Term
|
Definition
binds the DNA at the starting point of the gene to be transcribed, and begins binding together nucleotides that are complementary but in the same sequence as those within the DNA template strand, forming the mRNA segment.
The mRNA segment then moves to a ribosome where the code is translated into a protein. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is always the first triplet of nucleotides in the mRNA, and always codes for the first amino acid in a protein, so the first triplet in the template strand is “TAC”.) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first triplet in the template strand |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Each "triplet" of nucleotides on the mRNA
specifies a particular amino acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The information contained in the mRNA molecule is used to produce proteins in a process called
which occurs in the ribosome (which is in the cytoplasm) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
bring the proper amino acids to the ribosomes, in the sequence encoded in the mRNA.
There exist a specific ... molecule for each kind of amino acid.
Each ... carries an anticodon |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| which is a triplet of nucleotides that binds to a complementary codon in the mRNA. Hence the amino acids are brought to the ribosomes in the proper order, and then bonded together in the proper sequence. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. A protein’s primary structure determines its shape and function
2. Proteins determine phenotype. Living things are largely what their proteins make them.
3. DNA is mainly a blueprint that tells the cell which kinds of proteins to make and how to make them |
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Term
|
Definition
Represented by the mRNA codons and the amino acids they specify
Code is universal
Code is redundant (repetitious) |
|
|
Term
| Genetics of Animal Viruses |
|
Definition
Viral genome - one or more pieces of DNA or RNA; contains only genes needed for production of new viruses
Requires access to host cell’s genetics and metabolic machinery to instruct the host cell to synthesize new viral particles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one or more pieces of DNA or RNA; contains only genes needed for production of new virus |
|
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Term
| Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Metabolism |
|
Definition
Genes are regulated to be active only when their products are required
In prokaryotes this regulation is coordinated by operons = a set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1) Inducible – operon is turned ON by the presence of the substrate:
Catabolic operon - a set of structural genes that code for the synthesis of an enzyme needed to metabolize (break down, catabolize) a nutrient; this inducible operon is "induced" when the substrate is present;
Ex: if the substrate lactose (a sugar) is present, bacteria induces the operon that codes for the synthesis of lactase; lactase catalyzes the breakdown of lactose.
Substrate = the reactant molecule(s) that an enzyme binds to, causing a reaction and forming products
2) Repressible – genes in a series are turned OFF by the product synthesized
Anabolic operon – a set of structural genes that code for the synthesis of an enzyme used to synthesize (anabolism) products, such as an amino acid; this repressible operon is "repressed" by the product of which the enzyme catalyzes the production of. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| operon is turned ON by the presence of the substrate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a set of structural genes that code for the synthesis of an enzyme needed to metabolize (break down, catabolize) a nutrient; this inducible operon is "induced" when the substrate is present;
Ex: if the substrate lactose (a sugar) is present, bacteria induces the operon that codes for the synthesis of lactase; lactase catalyzes the breakdown of lactose. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the reactant molecule(s) that an enzyme binds to, causing a reaction and forming products |
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Term
|
Definition
| genes in a series are turned OFF by the product synthesized |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of structural genes that code for the synthesis of an enzyme used to synthesize (anabolism) products, such as an amino acid; this repressible operon is "repressed" by the product of which the enzyme catalyzes the production of. |
|
|
Term
| Lactose Operon: an Inducible Operon |
|
Definition
Made of 3 genes each coding for an enzyme needed to catabolize lactose –
b-galactosidase – hydrolyzes lactose
permease – brings lactose across cell membrane
b-galactosidase transacetylase – uncertain function |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brings lactose across cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| b-galactosidase transacetylase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normally off
In the absence of lactose, transcription is blocked so that genes encoding the enzymes are not active
Lactose turns the operon on
Binding of lactose to proteins covering the DNA code turns the genes "on" and genes are transcribed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In the absence of lactose, transcription is blocked so that genes encoding the enzymes are not active |
|
|
Term
| Lactose turns the operon on |
|
Definition
| Binding of lactose to proteins covering the DNA code turns the genes "on" and genes are transcribed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A change in phenotype due to a change in genotype (nitrogen base sequence of DNA) is called a
results from a deleted, added, or substituted nucleotide, which changes the sequence and thus the code |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The natural, non mutated characteristic in a genetic code is known as the |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that has a mutation is called a |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a variance in morphology, nutritional characteristics, genetic control mechanisms, resistance to chemicals, etc. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Spontaneous mutations – random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without known cause
Induced mutations – result from exposure to known mutagens, which are physical (primarily radiation) or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without known cause |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| result from exposure to known mutagens, which are physical (primarily radiation) or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| which are physical (primarily radiation) or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Since mutations can be potentially fatal, the cell has several enzymatic repair mechanisms in place to find and repair damaged DNA
DNA polymerase – proofreads nucleotides during DNA replication |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| proofreads nucleotides during DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations |
|
Definition
Mutations leading to nonfunctional proteins are harmful, possibly fatal.
Organisms with mutations that are beneficial in their environment can readily adapt, survive, and reproduce – these mutations are the basis of changes in populations (evolution).
Any change in genes that confers an advantage during selection pressure (the environment selecting one feature over another in favor of survival and enhanced reproduction) will be retained by the population, and passed on to offspring. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the environment selecting one feature over another in favor of survival and enhanced reproduction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an organism acquires and expresses genes that originated in another organism |
|
|
Term
| 3 means for genetic recombination in bacteria: |
|
Definition
1. Conjugation
2. Transformation
3. Transduction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
transfer of a plasmid or chromosomal fragment (DNA) from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection (plus)
Example:
Gram-negative cells have a fertility factor, which is a plasmid that contains genes that code for the synthesis of a ... plus
Recipient cell is a related species or genus without a fertility factor
Donor replicates its plasmid and then transfers fertility factor to recipient through its pilus; now recipient can synthesize pili, thus acquiring a new ability to initiate "sex" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| which is a plasmid that contains genes that code for the synthesis of a conjugative pilus |
|
|
Term
| Some other traits acquired by conjugating bacteria |
|
Definition
Drug or antibiotic resistance (acquired first by random mutation in the DNA that gives bacteria a selective advantage in its environment)
plasmids contain the genes that give the bacteria this type of resistance
New enzymes
Toxin production
Metal resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosome fragments from a lysed cell are accepted by a recipient cell that has special DNA-binding proteins on its cell wall; the genetic code of the DNA fragment is acquired by the recipient and inserted into its own chromosome
Donor and recipient cells can be unrelated
Useful tool in recombinant DNA technology
genes from humans and other organisms can be inserted into a plasmid and then introduced into bacteria through transformation; as the bacteria reproduces, it replicates its entire genome, including the new plasmid, before dividing into two new daughter cells. Using this recombination technique, many copies of a gene can be made. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
bacteriophage serves as a carrier of new genes by acquiring random fragments of the host cell's DNA during assembly of new viruses within the host cell
The bacteriophage produces an enzyme that breaks up the host cell DNA
During assembly of new viruses, some of the viral assemblies may take up one of the host cell's DNA fragments instead of the viral DNA or RNA
Upon infecting a new host bacterial cell, these new genes can be inserted into the recipient cell's genome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| This process utilizes bacteriophages to carry DNA from a donor cell to a recipeint cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This process makes an RNA copy of a DNA strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The above process happens Before or After translation |
|
|
Term
| Amino acid sequences that become PROTEINS |
|
Definition
| In translation, the RNA copy is then "translated" into what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dublication of a cell's DNA is |
|
|
Term
Adenine - Thymine (in DNA)
Cytosine - Guanine (in both DNA & RNA)
Adenine - Uracil (in RNA) |
|
Definition
| List the nitrogenous bases and what they pair to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This molecule contains ribose, uracil and is typically single stranded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All of the chemical reactions within a cell are? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic process that breaks down compounds is? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic process that builds new compounds is? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proteins that act as catalyst? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamins are often important components of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes ONLY present when a substrate is present? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of using energy to convert ADP to ATP is? |
|
|
Term
Exo - secreted outside of the cell
Endo - utilized within the cell (most are this) |
|
Definition
| What is the difference in an ExoEnzyme and an EndoEnzyme? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During aerobic cellular respiration, what is the final electron acceptor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular respiration occurs here in bacterial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP formed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many ATP are formed when one molecule of glucose is fully catabolized in the presence of oxygen? |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol (usually ethyl) & carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
| What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where does the Krebs cycle & Electron transport occur in Eukaryotes? |
|
|
Term
| CO-2 & Water & Light energy |
|
Definition
| What are the reactants in photosynthesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the products in photosynthesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When organisms require large amounts of a nutrient. It is? |
|
|
Term
| Trace Elements or Micronutrients |
|
Definition
| When organisms require small amounts of a nutrient. It is? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When an organism cannot synthesize a compound and therefore it must be supplied in the diet. This is called a? |
|
|
Term
AUTO - produces its own food using CO-2 as their carbon source
PHOTO - produces its own food using LIGHT as their energy source |
|
Definition
| What is the difference in an AUTOTROPH and a PHOTOTROPH? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An organism that obtains their carbon from organic sources is called a? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that feed on dead and decaying material for their nutrients are? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement from high concentration to low concentration (requires no energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane (requires no energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a substance across a membrane from low to high concentration using a carrier protein (requires energy) is? |
|
|
Term
| Group Translocation/Bulk Transport/Active Transport |
|
Definition
| Endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis & phagocytosis are all? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that thrive at lower temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher salt concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher carbon dioxide concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that cohabitate and benefit both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organisms that cohabitate and one is benefited;
The other is unaffected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organisms that cohabitate and one is benefited;
The other is harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time interval from ONE parent cell to TWO daughter cells is? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of cell duplication exceeds cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of cell duplication is equal to the rate of cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rate of cell death exceeds duplication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This process utilizes bacteriophages to carry DNA from a donor cell to a recipeint cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This process makes an RNA copy of a DNA strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The above process happens Before or After translation |
|
|
Term
| Amino acid sequences that become PROTEINS |
|
Definition
| In translation, the RNA copy is then "translated" into what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dublication of a cell's DNA is |
|
|
Term
Adenine - Thymine (in DNA)
Cytosine - Guanine (in both DNA & RNA)
Adenine - Uracil (in RNA) |
|
Definition
| List the nitrogenous bases and what they pair to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This molecule contains ribose, uracil and is typically single stranded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All of the chemical reactions within a cell are? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic process that breaks down compounds is? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A metabolic process that builds new compounds is? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proteins that act as catalyst? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamins are often important components of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes ONLY present when a substrate is present? |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of using energy to convert ADP to ATP is? |
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Term
Exo - secreted outside of the cell
Endo - utilized within the cell (most are this) |
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Definition
| What is the difference in an ExoEnzyme and an EndoEnzyme? |
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Term
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Definition
| During aerobic cellular respiration, what is the final electron acceptor? |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular respiration occurs here in bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| During which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP formed? |
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Term
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Definition
| How many ATP are formed when one molecule of glucose is fully catabolized in the presence of oxygen? |
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Term
| Alcohol (usually ethyl) & carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does the Krebs cycle & Electron transport occur in Eukaryotes? |
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Term
| CO-2 & Water & Light energy |
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Definition
| What are the reactants in photosynthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the products in photosynthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| When organisms require large amounts of a nutrient. It is? |
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Term
| Trace Elements or Micronutrients |
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Definition
| When organisms require small amounts of a nutrient. It is? |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism cannot synthesize a compound and therefore it must be supplied in the diet. This is called a? |
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Term
AUTO - produces its own food using CO-2 as their carbon source
PHOTO - produces its own food using LIGHT as their energy source |
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Definition
| What is the difference in an AUTOTROPH and a PHOTOTROPH? |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that obtains their carbon from organic sources is called a? |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that feed on dead and decaying material for their nutrients are? |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement from high concentration to low concentration (requires no energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane (requires no energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance across a membrane from low to high concentration using a carrier protein (requires energy) is? |
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Term
| Group Translocation/Bulk Transport/Active Transport |
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Definition
| Endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis & phagocytosis are all? |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that thrive at lower temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher salt concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that thrive at higher carbon dioxide concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that cohabitate and benefit both |
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Term
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Definition
Organisms that cohabitate and one is benefited;
The other is unaffected |
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Term
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Definition
Organisms that cohabitate and one is benefited;
The other is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| The time interval from ONE parent cell to TWO daughter cells is? |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of cell duplication exceeds cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of cell duplication is equal to the rate of cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of cell death exceeds duplication |
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