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Test 3
Ch 5 & 6
61
Geology
Not Applicable
03/31/2004

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Cards

Term
Eight signs of evidence for continental drift
Definition
geologic fit, sedimentological data, fossil trees, paleoclimate, similar fossil plant assemblages, similar fossil animal assemblages, folds and faults, polar wanderings
Term
ring of fire
Definition
earthquakes and volcanos around the pacific ocean
Term
examples of fossil plant assemblages that show evidence for continental drift
Definition
glossoplens flora
Term
examples of similar animal fossils that give evidence for continental drift
Definition
mesosaurus
Term
plate movement types & which one is least believable
Definition
push, pull(divergent boundaries, only volcanos), sliding and piggyback(transform boundaries, earthquakes)
push is least believable
Term
divergent boundaries causes and effects
Definition
normal faulting, seafloor spreading, low pressure and high temp w/ volcanos in between-ocean ridge has basalt bubbles like MORBS(mid-ocean ridge basalt)-continental ridge is ripped in half
Term
mafic
Definition
rocks emerge from mantle
Term
oceanic crust
Definition
cannonball water gathers - rift leads to ocean ridge then seafloor spreads
Term
convergent boundaries
Definition
destroy crust-if you move apart, you have to come back together
Term
plate->continent-what happens
Definition
sulture zone- continent goes above plate
Term
continent -> ocean
Definition
subduction zone where continent goes above ocean-causes deep sea trench with carbonates and limestones on top of eachother.
Term
ocean->ocean
Definition
subduction zone w/ island arc
Term
melange
Definition
intricate folded, faulted and metamorphosed rock-at fransiscan rocks in cali
Term
ophiolitesuites
Definition
masses of oceanic rock that become glued to continental crust-check out p. 174
Term
thermal plume
Definition
p 181-severe rift-motion material coming to surface in piggyback-doesnt give full driving force, but does have influence and support
Term
what drives plate techtonics?
Definition
radioactivity, residual, friction
Term
six modern ways to test plate techtonics theory
Definition
paleomagnetic data, sediment age, geosynchonus satalites, distant quasars, micro continents, hot spots
Term
paleomagnetic data
Definition
1960s-harry hess proposed seafloor spreading--vine and matthews had magnetic reversals which are anomalities that make the poles reverse
Term
sediment age
Definition
no layers more than 200 million years old have been found fore the marine layers are constantly being destroyed. the layers on the coast are the oldest with the middle of the ocean being the youngest
Term
geosynchronus satalites
Definition
check out page 185- oceanic plates move faster
Term
micro continents
Definition
terrane-suspect terrane, accreted terrane
Term
hot spots
Definition
area of volcano not related to surrounding plates
Term
how did the earth form?
Definition
in the hadean era, the sun holds 99.9% of all of the mass, big bang theory-a big clump formed into tons of little clumps
Term
how old is the universe?
Definition
10- 18 billion years old-actually around 13.7 billion years old
Term
how are the galaxies changing?
Definition
the galaxies surrounding the milky way are moving away from us...we can tell this by the redshift they are sending off...
Term
what are the possibilities to explain the universe?
Definition
either the universe is forever expanding and speeding up, or it is oscillating...this means its made of dark matter that holds light and pulls matter in, like a black hole
Term
solar nebula hypothesis
Definition
stars dong last forever, but they blow up...this is called a supernova
Term
meteorites and moon rock composition
Definition
90% of mass is in the center, while 10% is in the surrounding disk-4.1 and 4.2
Term
protoplanets
Definition
start of planetary formation
Term
when the temperature rises, and the pressure rises what happens?
Definition
produces solar wind -fusion of hydrogen into helium-> ions(charged particles coming off of the sun(cant feel))
Term
Differentiation
Definition
layering based on energy
Term
cold accretion model--hot accretion model
Definition
was originally cold and then molten--was originally hot and then molten
Term
Good things about earth
Definition
water can come in three different forms=solid, liquid and gas--large enough to hold its own atmosphere--magnetic field saves us from solar wind
Term
terrestrial planet composition (M, V, E, M)--jovian planet composition (J, S, U, N, P)
Definition
terrestrial=fe, mg, s, o--jovial= h, he, co2, ch
Term
archean land masses
Definition
due to its age, the mass whould have been recycled in subduction zones--check p. 198
Term
sedmentary rocks around edges of planet
Definition
cratons, shields(old crystalline rocks exposed in center of shield), platform
Term
orogenic belts
Definition
mountains with folded sedimentary rocks
Term
granulites, greenstones
Definition
intrusive, extrusive
Term
tonalite
Definition
10% quartz
Term
oxygen revolution steps
Definition
photochemical dissociation and photosynthesis
Term
photochemical dissociation
Definition
where uv rays slam into CO2 equating one C atom and one O2 atom-oxygen
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
sunlight-CO2 and H20 plus energy-releases O2 and converts CO2 to glucose
Term
banded iron formations
Definition
p. 216--iron deposited w/o oxygen mixed with layers of iron deposited w/ oxygen. Shows red and black layers on top of eachother--black layers in water-deep marine
Term
chert layers
Definition
in between varying black and red iron deposits-deep marine sediments
Term
oxidizing chemical reactions
Definition
*uv radiation split water molecules into one H and one O2 *purple bacteria uses photosynthesis and uses no O2 *cynobacteria releases O2
Term
stromatolite
Definition
layers of an onion CaCO3-honey combed calcium carbonate-chemical participates around cynobacteria-trace fossils show this process
Term
terrestrail sediment rocks(signs there was no oxygen at one point)
Definition
2.3 bilion years ago with red beds stating that there was no more uraninite which can only be formed in the absense of oxygen
Term
signs of existance of oxygen
Definition
copper deposits will only form w/ a lot of oxygen-signs of copper 1.7 billion years ago
Term
ozone layer oxygen
Definition
03 not 02-protects from solar wind- we live in the trophosphere
Term
hadean era years
Definition
4500 - 4000 billion years ago
Term
order of prescence of oxygen
Definition
no oxygen->banded iron formations -> oxidized redbeds -> 1% oxygen present -> now 10% oxygen present
Term
Eduard Suess
Definition
formulate da complete theory of a supercontinent that he named Gondwanaland-Gondwana-made of India Africa and South America
Term
Alfred Wegener
Definition
book-Die Entstebung der Kontinente und Ozeane--concept of continental drift--dubbed Pangea
Term
Sir Harold Jeffries
Definition
calculated the ocean floor was too ridged to allow for passage of continents
Term
Begining of land order
Definition
Panthalassa(universal ocean), Pangea(entire continent) Gondawanaland(Africa, South America, and India) and Laurasia(North America and Eurasia)
Term
Sir Edward Bullard, J.E. Everett, and A.G.Smith
Definition
fitting together of continents by removing continental shelfs-computerized and error-tested
Term
Harry Hess
Definition
found water depth during WWII, produced topographic profiles of the ocean floor- found guyotes
Term
Tuzo Wiloson
Definition
contribute to theory of plate tectonics-ultimate closure of the basin as plates converge-Wilson cycle
Term
F.J. Vine and Drummond Matthews
Definition
variations in magnetic intensity were caused by reversals in the polarity of the Earths magnetic field
Term
A. Cox, R>R. Doell, and G.B. Dalrymple
Definition
found a method for determining age of stripes in basalt sea floor layers
Term
three supercontinents
Definition
Pangea, Rodinia in Proterozoic and Pannotia in Precambrian
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