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| Survey Research definition |
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| involves the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their respones to questions |
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| what are three features of survey research |
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| versatility,efficency,generalizability |
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–Can be designed to study almost any social issue
–Can learn about individuals and organizations |
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–Data can be collected from a large number of people relatively inexpensively and quickly |
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–Most effective way to obtain information from representative sample of large population |
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Responding without knowledge |
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when a person gives an answer with little to no knowledge about a subject 30 % of people
aka Floaters |
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| Responding without taking a position |
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| Responding without taking a position |
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| Fence-sitters neutral in their attitudes toward a particular issue |
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| Properties of a good survey question |
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1.Vagueness
2. Bias
3.Jargon
4. Negatives and double negatives
5.Double-barreled questions
6.Mutually exclusive answers
7. Exhaustive answers |
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–Importance of a reference period
•Longer referenced period, greater underreporting (one month vs. past 12 months)
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•Biased or “loaded” words and phrases tend to produce misleading answers |
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•Correct grammar
•Shorter rather than longer
•Break complex ideas into several questions
address each component separately |
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| Negatives and double negatives |
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| “Do you disagreethat there should notbe a death penalty |
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Double-barreled questions |
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“Do you think the prison system should stop releasing inmates for weekend furloughs and concentrate on rehabilitating criminals?” |
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| Mutually exclusive answers |
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•Exclusive – no overlap
• Exhaustive – all respondents can answer
Questions with fixed response choices must provide one and only one possible response for everyone who is asked the question.
Ranges of ages, incomes, years of schooling, and so forth should not overlap and should provide a response option for all respondents |
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all respondents can answer
other, please specify: |
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Filter questions and skip patterns |
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•Use when concept measured by a question or group of questions applies to only some respondents
–Reduces total time required to complete questionnaire
–Reduces respondent burden
–Components
•Filter question
–question asked to establish whether concept is applicable
•Skip pattern
–Questions skipped by respondents to whom they are not applicable |
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1. i think police officers are generally fair to all people regardless of their race or ethncity.
strongly agree agree disagree strongkly disagree |
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| Closed versus open-ended questions |
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•Closed-Ended
–Quick response
–Consistency in type of response
–Easier to analyze statistically |
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•Open-Ended
–Detailed responses
–No preconceived content of answer
–Must go through several steps before ready for analysis |
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| a question that is too full of details confusing like a run on sentence |
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Social Desirability definition
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Social Desirability definition
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| make questions that keep reespondent interested |
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| The field research process |
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•Direct observation of specific physical or social settings and the related behaviors and events
•Study of human behavior in social groups
•May study informal groups/situations (gangs) or formal groups/situations (police officers)
•May be adjunct to other types of studies
•Subjects best be understood in natural setting
•May take place in
–informal groups/situations (e.g., gangs)
–Formal groups/organizations (e.g., police departments)
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•Behaviors not amenable to quantification
–e.g., counting prevalence or incidence
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| Role as a field researcher |
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•Researcher must determine how much participation is needed and appropriate
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•Researcher tries to see things as they happen, without active participation
•May be interaction with subject(s) of study
•Subjects may not be aware of study
•Common when observing specific types of events and behaviors that occur in public
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| Describing the Focus groups |
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–Unstructured group interviews centered around specific topic of interest to the study
–Lead by focus group leader, who is usually a researcher |
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| Defining qualitative data |
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•Documentation of the data and the process of data collection
•Organization/categorization of the data into concepts
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•Connection of the data to show how one concept may influence another
•Corroboration/legitimization
–evaluating alternative explanations
–disconfirming evidence
–searching for negative cases
•Representing the account
–reporting the findings Qualitative data describe items in terms of some quality or categorization that in some cases may be 'informal' or may use relatively ill-defined characteristics such as warmth and flavor; such subjective data are sometimes of less value to scientific research than quantitative data |
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•Systematic, objective, quantitative analysis of message characteristics |
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Sources for Content Analysis |
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–Books
–Newspapers
–Magazines
–TV
–Movies
–Videos
–Websites
§Historical documents
§Video games
§Songs
§Speeches
§Advertisements
§Conversations
§Graffiti
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•Going Native” – researcher becomes so wrapped up in role and the ideas and views of people being studied
•Cannot take notes on conversations, must rely on memory
•Limited ability to ask questions
•Danger to researcher and others
•Manipulation of group, distrust of social scientists
•Ethical issues
–Engage in illegal behavior, deception
•Participation by research ‘subjects’ is not voluntary
•Can such deception ever be justified? |
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–Open-ended, unstructured questioning
–Interviewer seeks in-depth information
•feelings, experiences, and perceptions |
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–Unstructured group interviews centered around specific topic of interest to the study
–Lead by focus group leader, who is usually a researcher |
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•Field research does not use probability sampling
•Major strategies
–Snowball sampling
–Theoretical sampling
•Does not occur at beginning
•Learns about process during data collection
•Samples enough people to investigate fully |
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Contrast qualitative methods |
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Definition
•Documentation of the data and the process of data collection
•Organization/categorization of the data into concepts
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•Connection of the data to show how one concept may influence another |
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| numerical fact based no place for who what when why |
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•Process of inductive reasoning
–Refine definitions of problems
–Create theoretical models
–Modify models as researcher gains experience
–Check models carefully
–Refine the models when not supported by data |
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Crime Reduction Utilizing
Statistical History |
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| intense focus of crime in one targeted area |
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| Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. |
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Re-engineering MPD
– Adopting Data-Driven Decision-Making
– Melding Best Practices & Local Experience
• Hot Spot Policing
• Targeted repeat offender investigations
• Problem-oriented policing
• Intelligence-led policing
– Re-Tooling the Organization to make crime reduction
every officer’s responsibility and breaking down
artificial barriers between units
– Enhanced community engagement
– Use of new technologies to enhance police operations |
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