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test 3
test guide
50
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 3
03/29/2012

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Term
Survey Research definition
Definition
involves the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their respones to questions
Term
what are three features of survey research
Definition
versatility,efficency,generalizability
Term
Versatility
Definition
Can be designed to study almost any social issue
Can learn about individuals and organizations
Term
Efficency
Definition
Data can be collected from a large number of people relatively inexpensively and quickly
Term
Generalizability
Definition
Most effective way to obtain information from representative sample of large population
Term

Responding without knowledge

Definition

when a person gives an answer with little to no knowledge about a subject 30 % of people

 aka Floaters 

Term
Responding without taking a position
Definition
Term
Responding without taking a position
Definition
Fence-sitters neutral in their attitudes toward a particular issue
Term

Value of survey research

Definition
Term
Properties of a good survey question
Definition

1.Vagueness

           2. Bias

            3.Jargon

           4. Negatives and double negatives

            5.Double-barreled questions

            6.Mutually exclusive answers 

           7. Exhaustive answers

Term
Vagueness
Definition
Importance of a reference period
Longer referenced period, greater underreporting  (one month vs. past 12 months)
Term

Bias

Definition
Biased or “loaded” words and phrases tend to produce misleading answers
Term
Jargon
Definition
Correct grammar
Shorter rather than longer
Break complex ideas into several questions

address each component separately

Term
Negatives and double negatives
Definition
“Do you disagreethat there should notbe a death penalty
Term

Double-barreled questions

Definition

“Do you think the prison system should stop releasing inmates for weekend furloughs and concentrate on rehabilitating criminals?”

Term
Mutually exclusive answers
Definition
Exclusive – no overlap
  Exhaustive – all respondents can answer

Questions with fixed response choices must provide one and only one possible response for everyone who is asked the question.

Ranges of ages, incomes, years of schooling, and so forth should not overlap and should provide a response option for all respondents

Term

Exhaustive answers

Definition

all respondents can answer

 other, please specify: 

Term

Filter questions and skip patterns

Definition
Use when concept measured by a question or group of questions applies to only some respondents
Reduces total time required to complete questionnaire
Reduces respondent burden
Components
Filter question
question asked to establish whether concept is applicable
Skip pattern
Questions skipped by respondents to whom they are not applicable
Term
Likert-type statements
Definition

1. i think police officers are generally fair to all people regardless of their race or ethncity.

 strongly agree agree disagree strongkly disagree 

Term
Closed versus open-ended questions
Definition
Closed-Ended
Quick response
Consistency in type of response
Easier to analyze statistically
Term
open ended questions
Definition
Open-Ended
Detailed responses
No preconceived content of answer
Must go through several steps before ready for analysis
Term

Long questions

Definition
a question that is too full of details confusing like a run on sentence
Term

Social Desirability definition

           

Definition
Term

Social Desirability definition

           

Definition
make questions that keep reespondent interested
Term
The field research process  
Definition
Direct observation of specific physical or social settings and the related behaviors and events
Study of human behavior in social groups
May study informal groups/situations (gangs) or formal groups/situations (police officers)
May be adjunct to other types of studies

 

Subjects best be understood in natural setting
May take place in
informal groups/situations (e.g., gangs)
Formal groups/organizations (e.g., police departments)
Behaviors not amenable to quantification
e.g., counting prevalence or incidence
Term
Role as a field researcher
Definition
Researcher must determine how much participation is needed and appropriate
Researcher tries to see things as they happen, without active participation
May be interaction with subject(s) of study
Subjects may not be aware of study
Common when observing specific types of events and behaviors that occur in public
Term
Describing the Focus groups
Definition
Unstructured group interviews centered around specific topic of interest to the study
Lead by focus group leader, who is usually a researcher
Term
Defining qualitative data
Definition
Documentation of the data and the process of data collection
Organization/categorization of the data into concepts
Connection of the data to show how one concept may influence another
Corroboration/legitimization
evaluating alternative explanations
disconfirming evidence
searching for negative cases
Representing the account
reporting the findings Qualitative data describe items in terms of some quality or categorization that in some cases may be 'informal' or may use relatively ill-defined characteristics such as warmth and flavor; such subjective data are sometimes of less value to scientific research than quantitative data
Term
methods and designs
Definition
Term
methods and designs
Definition
Term

Content Analysis

Definition
Systematic, objective, quantitative analysis of message characteristics
Term

Sources for Content Analysis

Definition
Books
Newspapers
Magazines
TV
Movies
Videos
Websites 
§Historical documents
§Video games
§Songs
§Speeches
§Advertisements
§Conversations
§Graffiti
Term
participant observations
Definition
Going Native” – researcher becomes so wrapped up in role and the ideas and views of people being studied
Cannot take notes on conversations, must rely on memory
Limited ability to ask questions
Danger to researcher and others
Manipulation of group, distrust of social scientists
Ethical issues
Engage in illegal behavior, deception
Participation by research ‘subjects’ is not voluntary
Can such deception ever be justified?
Term
intensive interviewing
Definition
Open-ended, unstructured questioning
Interviewer seeks in-depth information
feelings, experiences, and perceptions
Term
focus groups
Definition
Unstructured group interviews centered around specific topic of interest to the study
Lead by focus group leader, who is usually a researcher
Term
subjective detail
Definition
Term
sampling strategies
Definition
Field research does not use probability sampling
Major strategies
Snowball sampling
Theoretical sampling
Does not occur at beginning
Learns about process during data collection
Samples enough people to investigate fully
Term

Contrast qualitative methods

Definition
Documentation of the data and the process of data collection
Organization/categorization of the data into concepts
Connection of the data to show how one concept may influence another
Term
quantitative methods
Definition
numerical fact based no place for who what when why
Term

Grounded theory

Definition
Process of inductive reasoning
Refine definitions of problems
Create theoretical models
Modify models as researcher gains experience
Check models carefully
Refine the models when not supported by data
Term
Blue Crush
Definition
Crime Reduction Utilizing
Statistical History
Term
Hotspot
Definition
intense focus of crime in one targeted area
Term
density mapping
Definition
Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume.
Term
MPD as a business
Definition
Re-engineering MPD
– Adopting Data-Driven Decision-Making
– Melding Best Practices & Local Experience
• Hot Spot Policing
• Targeted repeat offender investigations
• Problem-oriented policing
• Intelligence-led policing
– Re-Tooling the Organization to make crime reduction
every officer’s responsibility and breaking down
artificial barriers between units
– Enhanced community engagement
– Use of new technologies to enhance police operations
Term

NYPD vs MPD use of data

Definition
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