Term
|
Definition
| A nuclear division mechanism that occurs in the somatic cells (body cells) of multicelled eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosis and ____ are the basis of increases in body size during development |
|
|
Term
| The Functions of Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division |
|
Definition
1. Increases in body size during growth
2. Replacement of dead or worn-out cells
3. Repair of damaged tissues
(Basis of asexual reproduction) |
|
|
Term
| The Functions of Meiosis and Cytoplasmic Division |
|
Definition
| In single-celled and multicelled eukaryotes, the basis of sexual reproduction; part of the processes by which gamete and sexual spores form |
|
|
Term
| The function of Prokaryotic Fission |
|
Definition
| In bacteria and archaens alone, the basis of asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nuclear division mechanism that precedes the formation of gametes or spores, and it is the basis of sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two molecules of DNA attached as a single chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosomes
Part of a DNA molecule looped twice around a core of histone proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The constricted region where chromatids attach to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During nuclear division this forms at the centromere. They are binding sites for microtubules that attach to chromatids. |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of all the structural organization in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| Huge amount of DNA to pack into a little nucleus. Also serves a regulatory purpose; enzymes cannot access DNA that is tightly coiled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually less that 10 micrometers in diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell copies all of its DNA before it divides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cell does what during Interphase? |
|
Definition
| A cell increases its mass roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interval of cell growth before DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interval of cell growth when the DNA is replicated (chromosomes duplicated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interval after DNA replication; the cell prepares to divide |
|
|
Term
| Gap intervals were named because... |
|
Definition
| outwardly they seem to be periods of inactivity |
|
|
Term
| Most cells going about their metabolic business are in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Work at certain points in the cell cycle. Some function as built-in brakes on the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
| The neurons in most parts of your brain remain permanently in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of stages through which a cell passes during its lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of cytoplasmic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mesh of cytoskeletal elements just under the plasma membrane, includes a band of actin and myosin filaments that wrap around the cell's midsection during cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The band of filaments around the cell's midsection which is anchored to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What challenge do plant cells face? |
|
Definition
| Plant cells remain attached to one another and organized in tissues during development. Thus, Plant growth occurs mainly in the direction of cell division, and the orientation of each cell's division is critical to the architecture of the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that is a product of some checkpoint genes that can activate other molecules by transferring a phosphate group to them. When DNA is broken or incomplete, the kinases activate certain proteins in a cascade of signaling events that ultimately stops the cell cycle or causes the cell to die. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A checkpoint gene product that activate genes that stimulate cells to grow and divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cellular self-destruct mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another name for checkpoint gene products that inhibit mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when the abnormally dividing cells of a malignant neoplasm disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically |
|
|
Term
| Cancer cells typically display three characteristics |
|
Definition
1.Grow and divide abnormally.
2.Often have an altered plasma membrane and cytoplasm
3.They often have a weakened capacity for adhesion because their recognition proteins are altered or lost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The name for the process of abnormal cell migration and tissue invasion |
|
|
Term
| Each year, cancers cause __ to __ percent of all human deaths in developed countries alone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of Metastasis |
|
Definition
1.Cancer cells break away from their home tissue
2.The metastasizing cells become attached to the wall of a blood vessel or lymph vessel. They release digestive enzymes onto it. Then they cross the wall at the resulting breach.
3.They creep or tumble along inside blood vessels, then leave the same way they got in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically are slow-growing and stay in their home tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Migrate abnormally through the body and establish new colonies in other tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regions in DNA that encode information about traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One parent produces offspring, so all of its offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process involving meiosis, formation of mature reproductive cells, and fertilization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each different form of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes of a pair that have the same length, shape, and collection of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature reproductive cells of multi-celled eukaryotes that reproduce sexually. Uses meiosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature reproductive structures in animals that use meiosis. They have a single set of chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single set of chromosomes. In humans this number is 23. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double set of chromosomes. One is maternal, one is paternal. In humans this number is 46. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first cell of a new individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a chromosome and its homologous partner exchange corresponding segments |
|
|
Term
| In humans between __ and __ crossovers occur per meiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically diploid and form by meiosis in specialized parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consist of one or a few haploid cells. The cells undergo mitosis and give rise to a gametophyte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A multi-celled haploid body inside which one or more gametes form.
Consist of one or a few haploid cells. The cells undergo mitosis and give rise to a gametophyte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a spermatid matures as a male gamete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cytoplasm of a primary oocyte divides __ |
|
Definition
| Unequally so the four cells that result differ in size and function |
|
|
Term
| At __, the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry the same genes in females and males. |
|
|
Term
| All chromosomes in humans except one pair are __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex Chromosomes in humans are called __ and __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body Cells of females contain __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body cells of males contains _ and _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The X and Y chromosome differ in __, __, and __ |
|
Definition
| Length, Shape, and the genes they carry |
|
|
Term
| __ Factors determine sex in some species of invertebrates, turtle, and frogs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All eggs made by a human female have one _ chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The human Y chromosome carries __ # of genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The master gene for male sex determination |
|
|
Term
| The human X chromosome carries __ genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the genes on the X chromosome govern __ traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagnostic tool helps us determine an individual's diploid complement of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| The Process of Karyotyping |
|
Definition
Cells are taken from an individual and put into a fluid growth medium that stimulates mitosis. The growth medium contains colchicine a poison that binds tubulin and interferes with the assembly of mitotic spindles. Thus the cell cycle halts at metaphase.
The cells and the medium are transferred to a tube and separated from the liquid medium, and a hypotonic solution is added. The cells swell which causes the chromosomes to move apart. The cells are spread on a microscope slide and stained so the chromosomes become visible with a microscope. |
|
|
Term
| A dominant allele on an autosome is expressed in __zygotes and __zygotes |
|
Definition
| Homozygotes and Heterozygotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary muscle movements increase as the nervous system slowly deteriorates. Typically symptoms do not start until after age 30; affected people die during their forties or fifties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not make one of three enzymes; are homozygous recessive for a mutated allele |
|
|
Term
| Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. |
|
Definition
| A spontaneous mutation of a gene for lamin, a protein that normally makes up intermediate filament in the nucleus. The altered lamin is not processed properly and builds up on the inner nuclear membrane and distorts the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. |
|
Definition
| Skin that should be plump and resilient starts to thin. Skeletal muscles weaken. Limb bones that should lengthen and grow stronger soften. Premature baldness. Symptoms start before the age of 2. |
|
|
Term
| The X chromosome carries over __ percent of all human genes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations on the X chromosome are known to cause or contribute to over ___ genetic disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-linked dominant alleles that cause disorders are __ than X-liked recessive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An X-linked recessive disorder that interferes with blood clotting. Bleeding is prolonged in males and homozygous females. |
|
|
Term
| Today about 1 in _____ people is affected with Hemophilia A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally, humans can sense the differences among ___ colors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person who is red-green color blind sees fewer than __ colors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy(DMD) |
|
Definition
| One of several X-linked recessive disorders that is characterized by muscle degeneration. DMD affects about 1 in 3500 people, almost all of them boys. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
| A gene on the X chromosome encodes dystrophin, which is a protein that structurally supports the fused cells in muscles fibers by anchoring the cell cortex to the plasma membrane. When dystrophin is abnormal or absent, the cell cortex weakens and muscle cells die. The cell debris that remains in the tissues triggers chronic inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| DMD is typically diagnosed in boys between the ages of __ and __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic disorders are when there are __ |
|
Definition
| Large-scale changes in the structure of a chromosome. |
|
|
Term
| Changes in a chromosome occur __ in nature and can also be induced by __ |
|
Definition
| Spontaneously, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequences that are repeated two or more times |
|
|
Term
| Duplications can occur because of __ |
|
Definition
| Unequal crossovers at prophase 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of some portion of a chromosome |
|
|
Term
| In mammals, deletions usually cause serious disorders and are often __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The loss of genes results in the disruption of __, __, and __ |
|
Definition
| Growth, Development, and Metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Cri-Du-Chat is caused by a small deletion in ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the sequence of DNA within the chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse direction |
|
|
Term
| Crossovers in an inverted region during __ may result in deletions or duplications that affect the viability of forthcoming embryos. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a chromosome breaks and the broken part gets attached to a different chromosome or a different part the the same one |
|
|
Term
| Most translocations are __ |
|
Definition
| Reciprocal, or balanced. Two chromosomes exchange broken parts. |
|
|
Term
| Why does a translocation affect fertility? |
|
Definition
| The two translocated chromosomes pair abnormally with their non-translocated counterparts during meiosis. They segregate improperly about half of the time, so about half of the resulting gametes will carry major duplications or deletions. |
|
|
Term
| Certain duplications have allowed one copy of a gene to ___ while a different copy ___ |
|
Definition
| mutate, carries out its original function |
|
|
Term
| Body cells of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have __ pairs of chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ human chromosomes are almost identical with chimpanzee chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During human evolution two chromosomes fused end to end and formed our chromosome __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ percent of flowering plant species, and some insects, fish, and other animals are polyploid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three or more of each type of chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one or more pairs of chromosomes do not separate properly during mitosis or meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Changes in chromosome number may arise through __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which cells have too many or too few copies of a chromosome. Autosomal aneuploidy is usually fatal in humans, and it causes many miscarriages. |
|
|
Term
| A few trisomic humans are born alive, but only those have have trisomy __ will reach adult hood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A newborn with three chromosomes 21 will develop __ which is the most common type of aneuploidy in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individuals with only an X chromosome have __ syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turner Syndrome is caused by... |
|
Definition
| Nondisjunction originating from the father. |
|
|
Term
| At least __ percent of XO embryos will spontaneously abort early in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Turner syndrome |
|
Definition
| Well proportioned but short. Most do not have functional ovaries, so they don't make enough sex hormones to become sexually mature. The development of secondary sexual traits is also affected. |
|
|
Term
| Why does having more than one X chromosome not usually result in physical or medical problems? |
|
Definition
| Because only one X chromosome is normally active. |
|
|
Term
| Most cases of Kleinfelter's syndrome is caused by.. |
|
Definition
| nondisjunction during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency toward being overweight, tall, and within a normal range of intelligence. They make more estrogen and less testosterone and thus have feminized traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adults tend to be taller than average and have mild mental impairment, but more are otherwise normal. |
|
|
Term
| Why are some organisms ideal for genetic analysis? |
|
Definition
| They have few chromosomes, and reproduce fast in small spaces under controlled conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A standardized chart of genetic connection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific set of symptoms caused by a genetic disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this diagnostic procedure, a physician uses a syringe to withdraw a small sample of fluid from the amniotic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagnostic procedure similiar to amniocentesis. A physical withdraws a few cells from the chorion. Can be done as early as 8 weeks into pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This procedure uses an endoscope, a fiber-optic device, to directly visualize and photograph the fetus, umbilical cord, and placenta with high resolution |
|
|
Term
| Risks associated with amniocentesis, Chorionic villi sampling, and fetoscopy |
|
Definition
| Punctures or infections. The amnion might not reseal itself quickly, and fluid may leak out of the amniotic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Amniocentesis and CVS risks to a fetus. |
|
Definition
| Amniocentesis increases the risk of miscarriage by 1 to 2 percent. CVS occasionally deisrupts the placent's development and thus causes underdeveloped or missing fingers and toes in .3 percent of newborns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgery, prescription drugs, hormone replacement therapy, and often dietary controls can minimize and in some cases eliminate the symptoms of many genetic disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All offspring have the same form of the trait as the parent(s) generation after generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of determining genotype. An individual of unknown genotype is crossed with one that is known to be homozygous recessive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testcrosses that check for a dominance relationship between two alleles at a single locus. Individuals with different allels of a gene are crossed (or self-fertilized); traits of the offspring of such a cross may indicate whether one of the alleles is dominant over the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This law states that genes are sorted into gametes independently of other genes. (Although genes that are close are more likely to stay together during crossover) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two nonidentical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygotes so neither is dominant or recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When three or more alleles of a gene persist among individuals of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One allele of a pair is not fully dominant over its partner, so the heterozygote's phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygotes |
|
|
Term
| An example of incomplete dominance |
|
Definition
| Red Snapdragons + White Snapdragons = Pink Snap Dragons |
|
|
Term
| An example for Codominance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one gene product suppresses the effect of another, so the resulting phenotype is somewhat unexpected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Combs of Chickens.
Labrador Retriever Coat Color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one gene influences multiple traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutations in the fibrillin gene cause this genetic disorder in which tissues form with defective fibrillin or none at all. |
|
|
Term
| Why is Marfan Syndrome difficult to diagnose? |
|
Definition
| Because affected people are often tall, thin, and loose-jointed. These same traits are found in perfectly health individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All genes on one chromosome |
|
|
Term
| How many linkage groups do humans have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What heat-sensitive enzyme affects the coat color of Siamese cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An outcome of polygenic inheritance, in which multiple multiple genes affect a single trait. |
|
|
Term
| An example of continuous variation |
|
Definition
|
|
