Term
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Definition
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Chemical messengers released in response to a change in the body’s internal environment
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Term
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Definition
| Rare condition caused by a deficiency in ADH, characterized by the production of large volumes of very dilute urine, usually accompanied by increased thirst. |
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Term
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Definition
- TC: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) replacement
- PC: Vasopressin analog
- Hormone replacement; acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water. Used to control the acute symptoms of DI in patients who have insufficient ADH secretion
- Can cause symptoms of water intoxication such as drowsiness, headache, and listlessness, progressing to convulsions and coma.
- Contraindicated in patients with DI that is caused by kidney disease. Used in caution with patients with coronary artery disease
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Term
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Definition
| may result from either a poorly functioning thyroid gland or low secretions TSH by the pituitary gland. Symptoms may include myxedema, general weakness, muscle ramps, dry skin, slurred speech, bradycardia, weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
· results in symptoms that are opposite from hypothyroidism. Symptoms can include increased body metabolism, tachycardia, weight loss, elevated body temperature, and anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in severe cases of hypothyroidism. Causes the swelling of affected areas of the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune disease in which the body develops antibodies against its own thyroid gland; four to eight times more common in women than men. |
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Term
levothyroxine (Synthroid)
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Definition
- TC: Thyroid hormone
- PC: Thyroid hormone replacement
- Used for replacement therapy in patients with low thyroid function
- Can result in hyperthyroidism; fast heart rate, heart palpitations, weight loss.
- Contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to the drug, experiencing thyrotoxicosis, or have severe cardiovascular conditions
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Term
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Definition
- TC: drug for hyperthyroidism
- PC: Anti-thyroid drug
- Acts by blocking conversion of T3 into T4. Used for hyperthyroidism and Graves disease.
- Hypothyroidism, weak muscles, and weight gain
- Contraindicated in patients who are pregnant or lactating or in patients with known or possible hypothyroidism.
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Term
List the many indications for glucocorticoid medications: |
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Definition
- Allergies including allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Cancer, including Hodgkin’s disease, leukemias, and lymphomas
- Edema associated with hepatic, neurologic, and renal disorder
- Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, and crohn’s disease
- Rheumatic disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and bursitis
- Shock
- Skin disorders, including contact dermatitis and rashes
- Transplant rejection prophylaxis
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Term
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Definition
- TC: adrenal hormone
- PC: corticosteroid
- Prevent/suppresses immune reactions; adrenocortical insufficiency, anti-inflammation, immunosuppressive
- Topical side effects are rare. Systemic side effects may include Cushing’s disease, tachycardia, insomnia, anxiety, headache, vertigo, confusion, and depression.
- Contraindicated in patients are who are hypersensitive to the drug or who have known infections
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when high levels of corticosteroids are present in the body over a prolonged period. Although hypersecretion of these hormones can be due to pituitary or adrenal tumors, the most common cause of Cushing’s disease is long-term therapy with high doses of systemic corticosteroids. Clinical manifestations include obesity, “moon” face, “buffalo hump”, and muscle weakness. |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as primary adrenocortical insufficiency is quite rare and includes a deficiency of both corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids. Autoimmune destruction of both adrenal glands is the most common cause of Addison’s disease. Clinical manifestations include hypotension, changes in heart rate, hypoglycemia, and weakness |
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Term
Explain how blood glucose is maintained within narrow limits by insulin and glucagon. |
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Definition
· Glucagon acts to increase blood glucose levels
· Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels
· Normal range for blood glucose: 60-100 mg/dl |
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Term
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Definition
- 5% to 10% of all DM cases
- Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Chronic disease
- Signs and symptoms
- Hyperglycemia: fasting blood glucose greater than 126 mg/ml on 2 separate occasions
- Polyuria
- Polyphagia
- Polydipsia
- Untreated T1 DM damages the arteris:
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Kidney disease
- Blindness
- Amputation of lower legs
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Term
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Definition
- More common, appears in middle aged adults
- Represents 90-95% of people with diabetes
- Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HMS)
- Occurs in patients with Type 2 diabetes
- Insufficient circulating insulin
- A higher mortality rate than DKA
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Term
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Definition
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High blood glucose levels. Happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body can’t use insulin properly.
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Term
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Definition
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Characterized by low blood glucose levels. Usually less than 70 mg/dl.
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Term
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Definition
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A condition usually defined as excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Test used to determine the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin
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Term
Short-acting:Regular insulin Humulin R |
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Definition
- onset: 30-60 min
- peak: 2-4 hours
- duration: 5-7 hours
- Subcutaneous: 30-60 min. before a meal
- IV: immediate effect
- Can mix with NPH, sterile water, or normal saline; do not mix with glargine
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Term
Intermediate-acting: Humulin N
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Definition
- onset: 1-2 hours
- peak: 4-12 hours
- duration: 18-24 hours
- Subcutaneous: 30 min. before first meal of the day, and 30 min. before supper, if necessary
- can mix with aspart, lispro, or regular; do not mix with glargine
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Term
Long-acting glargine (Lantus)
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Definition
- onset: 1.1 hours
- peak: 3-4 hours
- duration: 10-24 hours
- Subcutaneous: once daily, given at the same time every day
- Do not mix with any other insulin
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Term
Long-acting Insulin Detemir (Levemir)
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Definition
- onset: Gradual; over 25 hours
- peak: 6-8 hours
- duration: Up to 24 hours
- Subcutaneous; with evening meal or at bedtime
- Do not mix with any other insulin
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Term
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Definition
- PC: antidiabetic drug
- TC: biguanide, hypoglycemic drug
- Decreases hepatic production of glucose, reduces insulin resistance, does not promote insulin release from the pancreas. Used for T2 DM
- Nausea and vomiting
- Contraindicated in patients with impaired renal function, because the drug can rise to toxic levels. Also in patients with heart failure, liver failure, history of lactic acidosis, or concurrent serious infection.
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Term
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Definition
- TC: antidiabetic
- PC: incretin enhancer (GLP-1 Agonists)
- Stimulates release of insulin from beta cells.
- Used as an adjunct to diet, exercise in T2 DM
- Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting
- Be cautious when using cinnamon.
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Term
Explain the mechanisms by which estrogens and progestin’s prevent conception. |
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Definition
| Under the influence of estrogen and progestin, the uterine endometrium becomes vascular and thickens in preparation for receiving a fertilized egg. High levels of these two hormones in the final third of the uterine cycle provide negative feedback to shut off GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion. Without stimulation from FSH and LH, estrogen and progestin levels fall sharply, the endometrium is shed, and menstrual bleeding begins |
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Term
| estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum) |
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Definition
- TC: Combination oral contraceptive
- PC: Estrogen/progestin
- Provide negative feedback to the pituitary to suppress secretion of LH and FSH; prevents ovulation. Used to prevent pregnancy, acne, endometriosis, dysfunctional uterine bleeding
- Nausea, breast tenderness, weight gain, and breakthrough bleeding.
- Contraindicated in women with the following conditions: current or past history of thromboembolic disorders, stroke, or coronary artery disease
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Term
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Definition
- TC: contraceptive
- PC: progestin
- Taken daily at the same time. Used to prevent pregnancy
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Term
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Definition
- TC: emergency contraceptive
- PC: progestin
- OTC for those 17 and older, with prescription for those younger. Can be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse. More effective the earlier used.
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Term
Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) |
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Definition
- TC: hormone; drug for dysfunctional uterine bleeding
- PC: progestin
- Inhibits the effect of estrogen on the uterus. Used for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, uterine cancer
- Breast tender, breakthrough bleeding, and other menstrual irregularities
- Contraindicated in women who are pregnant and in women with known or suspected carcinoma of the breast
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Term
Estrogen HRT: Conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin)
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Definition
- TC: hormone
- PC: hormone replacement therapy
- Estrogen replacement. Used for symptoms of menopause
- MI, stroke, breast cancer, dementia, and venous thromboembolism,
- Contraindicated in women pregnant women and women with known or suspected carcinoma of the breast or other estrogen-dependent tumor.
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Term
Identify indications for pharmacotherapy with androgens. |
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Definition
· Therapeutically used to treat hypogonadism and certain cancers |
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Term
| Describe the misuse and dangers associated with the use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic performance. |
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Definition
| Often times abused by athletes and teens who believe taking these drugs will improve their performance and appearance. These drugs tend to raise cholesterol levels, may cause low sperm count and impotence in men. Permanent liver damage may result from prolonged use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called impotence, is a common disorder in men. Defining characteristic is the inability to either obtain an erection or to sustain an erection. Incidence increases with age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, depression, SSRI medications. |
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Term
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) |
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Definition
| Most common benign neoplasm in men. Characterized by enlargement of the prostate gland that decreases the outflow of urine by obstructing the urethra, causing difficult urination. Surgery can be required in advanced cases |
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Term
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Definition
- TC: Male sex hormone
- PC: androgen, anabolic steroid, anti-neoplastic
- Stimulates RNS synthesis and protein metabolism. Used for hormone replacement, inoperable breast cancer in women
- Edema, virilization in children and women, increased or decreased libido, acne and skin irritation
- Contraindicated in men with known or suspected breast or prostatic carcinomas and in women who are or may become pregnant (Category X)
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Term
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Definition
- TC: for the treatment of ED
- PC: phosphodiesterase (PDE) – 5 inhibitor
- Relaxes smooth muscle in the corpora cavernosa. Used for ED and pulmonary hypertension
- Flushing, headache, dizziness, rash, nasal congestion
- Contraindicated in men taking nitrates and those with hypersensitivity to the drug.
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Term
Finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) |
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Definition
- TC: drug for BPH
- PC: 5-alpha reductase inhibitor
- Inhibits the metabolism of testosterone. Used in BPH to restore urinary function, promotes hair growth in male pattern baldness
- Sexual dysfunction, impaired fertility, diminished libido, and ejaculatory dysfunction
- Contraindications include hypersensitivity to the drug, pregnancy, lactation, and use in children
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