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Definition
Function: The body needs a small amount of sodium to help maintain normal blood pressure and normal function of muscles and nerves.
Deficiency: excessive perspiration and persistent vomiting, unlikely because kidney stores sodium well.
Toxicity: increased blood pressure.
Sources: Sodium is found in table salt, baking soda, monosodium glutamate (MSG), various seasonings, additives, condiments, meat, fish, poultry, dairy foods, eggs, smoked meats, olives, and pickled foods. |
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Definition
function:Potassium is essential for maintaining proper fluid balance, nerve impulse function, muscle function, cardiac (heart muscle) function.
Deficiency: chronic diarrhea, vomiting, laxative abuse is a life threatening problem.
toxicity: if kidney problems occur, the potassium in the body can slow down the heartbeat, which can led to heart failure.
Sources: Fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats. |
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Definition
Function: Chloride assists in maintaining fluid balance, helps the immune system, and is a component of HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) in the stomach that helps us to digest and break down food molecules.
Deficiency: unlikely because our dietary salt intake is so high.
Toxicity: consume an excess amount is okay.
Sources: few fruits and vegetables, chlorinated water. |
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Definition
function: the formation of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in the body's utilization of carbohydrates and fats and in the synthesis of protein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the production of ATP, a molecule the body uses to store energy.
deficiency: none
toxicity: deposits of mix of calcium and phosphorus that stays in soft tissue
Sources: The main food sources are the protein food groups of meat and milk |
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Definition
function: Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects body tissue from damage caused by substances called free radicals. Free radicals can harm cells, tissues, and organs. They are believed to play a role in certain conditions related to aging
deficiency: chronic diseases that are linked to oxidation damage. eye developmental cataracts
toxicity: none
Sources: plants, oils, cereal |
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Definition
function:
• Vitamin C is an antioxidant vitamin needed for the formation of collagen to hold the cells together and for healthy teeth, gums and blood vessels; improves iron absorption and resistance to infection.
deficiency: scurvy
toxicity: increased acid levels, abdominal cramps.
sources: citrus fruits, broccoli, cabbage. |
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Definition
function: vision improvements, acne control, antioxidant
deficiency: blindness, stunted growth for children.
toxicity: birth defects, fetal malformation
sources: fish oils, oils, eggs, plant products, fruits. |
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Definition
function: trace mineral, natural antioxidant, thyroid hormone.
defeciency: hair loss, vomiting
toxicity: none
sources: nuts, shellfish, grains |
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Definition
function: form maintain bone density, glucose concentration, regulate metabolism.
Deficiency: osteoporosis
toxicity: consummation in kidney stones, appetite loss, confusion comas.
sources: dairy products |
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Definition
Function: Hormone in the body, sunlight nutrition, absorption in the body.
Deficiency: rickets
toxicity: none
sources: sunlight |
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Definition
function: fat soluble, vitamins, blood clotting, coagulation
Deficiency: antibodies kill good bacteria
toxicity: none
sources: plants, fish oils, meats |
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Definition
function: maintain normal nerve function, support amune system
deficiency: lose appetite, weakness
toxicity: more magnesium than use
sources: green veggies, nuts, seeds, unrefined grains. |
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Term
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Definition
Function: calcium floride, tooth decay, bone structure.
Deficiency: osteoporosis
toxicity: accidental ingestion
sources: tooth paste, dietary supplements, tea sea wood |
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Definition
function: co-enzyme, carbohydrate metabolism, exposure to heat lose thiamin.
deficiency: Bera bera, case of short term memory lose, alchol abuse.
toxicity: none
sources: pork, sunflower seeds, whole grains. |
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Definition
function: body growth, release energy from carlos health immune system. water soluble vitamin
deficiency: anemia, skin disorders, sore throat.
toxicity: none
sources: dairy food, veggies, breads, fish. |
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Definition
function: improving circulation, lowering blood pressure, memory loss, improving depression
deficiency: pellagra, digestion problems, liver damage, skin rashes
toxicity: dimensia, death
sources: dairy, fish, poultry. |
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Term
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Definition
Function: water soluble vitamin, synthesis metabolism of propensity fats
deficiency: impaired energy production, hypothermia.
toxicity: panic attacks
sources: meats, whole grain, broccoli, small quantities |
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Term
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Definition
function: enzyme breakdown oxidation of fatty acids.
deficiency: unlikely/ rare, thinning of hair, smoking.
toxicity: none
sources: egg yolk, cheese, carrots |
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Term
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Definition
Function: make antibodies, make hemoglobin, breaks down protein.
deficiency: confusion, depression, irritability, sores.
toxicity: numbness, tingling, coordination problems, nerve damage.
sources: avocado, banana, nuts, poultry |
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Term
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Definition
Function: supply/accept single Carton on compounds DNA and metabolism amino acids
deficiency: cant form new DNA, diarrhea, poor growth, mental confusion.
toxicity: excess folite lost in urine, nerve brain damage.
sources: multivitamin, veggies, orange juice, dried beans. |
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Term
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Definition
Function: DNA synthesis
deficiency: foliate deficiency, elevated homo cysteine levels in the blood.
toxicity: none
sources: organ meats, salmon, cereals, milks, eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
The main functions of vitamin choline are as:-
It helps in controlling your weight as well as cholesterol levels, keeping cell membranes healthy and in preventing gallstones.
It helps in preventing perosis in poultry.
It accelerates the transmission of hepatic fat as the form of lecithin or improve the oxidation of fatty acid in the liver.
It is also most useful in the maintenance of the nervous system, assisting memory and learning, and may help to fight infections, including hepatitis and AIDS.
Choline is the major precursor of betaine, and it is used by the kidneys to maintain water balance and by the liver as a source of methyl-groups for methionine formation.
It prevents fatty liver.
Choline is used to produce the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
It is a key constituent of lecithin which plays an important role in maintaining cell structures and functions.
deficiency:A deficiency of choline may lead to liver disease, raised cholesterol levels, high blood pressure as well as kidney problems. Choline deficiency may also manifest itself in the inability to digest fats, stunted growth and fatty buildup in the liver.
toxicity: none
The main sources of choline vitamin are as:-
It is mainly found in whole grains, liver, eggs, beans, chicken, fish and vegetable foods.
You get choline in your diet from foods that contain lecithin, which the body breaks down into choline. Some foods that contain lecithin are rice, red meat, cabbage, cauliflower, soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, green beans, split peas, and soy lecithin.
Lecithin is also a common food additive; it's used in ice cream, margarine, mayonnaise and chocolate bars to help bind the fat in these foods with water. |
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Term
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Definition
Function: As part of four amino acids, sulfur performs a number of functions in enzyme reactions and protein synthesis. It is necessary for formation of collagen, the protein found in connective tissue in our bodies. Sulfur is also present in keratin, which is necessary for the maintenance of the skin, hair, and nails, helping to give strength, shape, and hardness to these protein tissues. Sulfur is also present in the fur and feathers of other animals. The cystine in hair gives off the sulfur smell when it is burned. Sulfur, as cystine and methionine, is part of other important body chemicals: insulin, which helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism, and heparin, an anticoagulant. Taurine is found in bile acids, used in digestion. The sulfur-containing amino acids help form other substances as well, such as biotin, coenzyme A, lipoic acid, and glutathione. The mucopoly-saccharides may contain chondroitin sulfate, which is important to joint tissues.
deficiency: none
toxicity: none
sources: fish, poultry, eggs, milk, |
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Term
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Definition
function: Iodine is needed for the normal metabolism of cells. Metabolism is the process of converting food into energy. Humans need iodine for normal thyroid function, and for the production of thyroid hormones.
deficiency: goiter or hypothyroidism. Without enough iodine, the thyroid cells and the thyroid gland become enlarged.
toxicity: reduce function in thyroid gland.
sources: seafood, table salt. |
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Term
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Definition
function: Chromium is important in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. Chromium stimulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, which are important for brain function and other body processes. Chromium is also important in the breakdown (metabolism) of insulin
deficiency: ay be seen as impaired glucose tolerance. It is seen in older people with type 2 diabetes and in infants with protein-calorie malnutrition. Supplementation of chromium helps with management of these conditions, but it is not a substitute for other treatment.
toxicity: Because of the low absorption and high excretion rates of chromium, toxicity is not common.
sources: Beef Liver Eggs Chicken Oysters Wheat germ Green pepper Apples Banana Spinach |
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Term
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Definition
function: in bone formation and in protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism
deficiency:impaired growth
skeletal defects
depressed reproductive functions
weight loss
possible abnormal glucose tolerance
ataxia in the newborn defects in metabolism
toxicity: none least toxic
sources: cereals, dried fruits, nuts, and leafy vegetables |
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Term
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Definition
functions: clotting of blood, assists in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and is vital for the proper absorption of calcium.
deficiency: none
toxicity: none
sources:Milk, milk products, legumes, organ meats, and cereals are good dietary sources of molybdenum. A diet high in processed foods may lead to a deficiency in molybdenum |
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Term
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Definition
functions: memory supplement,helps blood flow to the brain and oxygen.
deficency: none
toxicity: none
sources: supplement from gingko leafs |
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Term
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Definition
functions: treats type 2 diabetes, immunities, sex life, energy levels
deficiency: none
toxicity: here are several varieties of ginseng with each having its own health benefits and hence require different prescribed dosages. Generally 200–500 mg of ginseng extract per day is sufficient. After continuously using it for three weeks, a week of break period should be allowed. Dried ginseng root is commercially available. It should be boiled in water to make ginseng tea. You need to follow the advice of a physician regarding the dosage requirement
sources: ginseng roots |
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Term
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Definition
Function: helps depression patients
deficiency: none
toxicity: anxiety, tiredness, loss of appetite
sources:St. John’s wort is native to Europe but is commonly found in the US and Canada in the dry ground of roadsides, meadows, and woods. Although not native to Australia and long considered a weed, St. John’s wort is now grown there as a crop. Today, Australia produces 20 percent of the world’s supply. |
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Term
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Definition
function: infection fighting supplement feel better faster
deficiency: none
toxicity: none
sources:Echinacea is a perennial herb native to the midwestern region of North America. It has tall stems, bears single pink or purple flowers, and has a central cone that is usually purple or brown in color. The large cone is actually a seed head with sharp spines that resemble a stiff comb. |
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Definition
effects: support the structure and function of joints and the marketing is targeted to people suffering from osteoarthritis
side effects: majority of people take more because of no effects
who should avoid: none
sources: naturally present in shells of shellfish, bone marrow, and animal bones |
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Term
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Definition
function: he human body needs iron to make the oxygen-carrying proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and myoglobin is found in muscles. Iron also makes up part of many proteins in the body.
deficiency: anemia if really low levels occur
toxicity:The genetic disorder called hemochromatosis affects the body's ability to control how much iron is absorbed
sources: fruits, seeds, veggies |
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Term
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Definition
function: Zinc is found in cells throughout the body. It is needed for the body's defensive (immune) system to properly work. It plays a role in cell division, cell growth, wound healing, and the breakdown of carbohydrates.
deficiency: Frequent infections
Hypogonadism in males
Loss of hair
Poor appetite
Problems with the sense of taste
Problems with the sense of smell
Skin sores
Slow growth
Trouble seeing in the dark
Wounds that take a long time to heal
toxicity:Zinc supplements in large amounts may cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, usually within 3 - 10 hours of swallowing the supplements. The symptoms go away within a short period of time after the stopping the supplements.
sources: High-protein foods contain high amounts of zinc. Beef, pork, and lamb contain more zinc than fish. The dark meat of a chicken has more zinc than the light meat |
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Term
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Definition
function : Copper, along with iron, helps in the formation of red blood cells. It also helps in keeping the blood vessels, nerves, immune system, and bones healthy
deficiency:Normally people have enough copper in the foods they eat. Menkes disease (kinky hair syndrome) is a very rare disorder of copper metabolism that is present before birth. It occurs in male infants.
Lack of copper may lead to anemia and osteoporosis.
toxicity: In large amounts, copper is poisonous. A rare inherited disorder, Wilson's disease, causes deposits of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs. The increased copper in these tissues leads to hepatitis, kidney problems, brain disorders, and other problems.
sources: Oysters and other shellfish, whole grains, beans, nuts, potatoes, and organ meats (kidneys, liver) are good sources of copper. Dark leafy greens, dried fruits such as prunes, cocoa, black pepper, and yeast are also sources of copper in the diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamins that dissolve in water. BC |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamins that dissolve in fat, ADEK |
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Term
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Definition
| essential organic substances needed in small amounts in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs to prevent a deficiency or what would be found in a balanced diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vital to health, a mineral required in the diet in amounts greater than 100 miligrams a day |
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Term
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Definition
| vital to health, a mineral required in the diet in amounts less than 100 miligrams per day |
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Term
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Definition
| 50 to 70 % of water is in human body, 11 cups for women and 15 for a male. water secretes many fluid that are primarily water. ex. digestion tract respiratory tract, urogenital tract, eyes, skin. |
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Term
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Definition
a substance that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation
examples: selenium, manganese, zinc, iron, and copper |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical found in plants. some phytochemical may contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of a stress induced fracture or a t-score of -2.5 or lower. the bones are porous and fragile due to low mineral density |
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Term
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Definition
| a softening of bones in children due to deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| is softening of the bones due to a lack of vitamin D or a problem with the body's ability to break down and use this vitamin. Symptoms: Bone fractures that happen without a real injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. Other types of anemia include: Anemia due to B12 deficiency; |
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Term
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Definition
| s a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when your intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. Symptoms: Some people do not have symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| "large cell" insufficient hemoglobin in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| is decreased thyroid hormone production in a newborn. In very rare cases, no thyroid hormone is produced. If the baby was born with the condition, it is called congenital hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| A swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
A disease due to deficiency of niacin, a B-complex vitamin. Pellagra is the "disease of the four D's" --
Diarrhea;
Dermatitis: A scaly rash on skin exposed to light or trauma;
Dementia: Mental disorientation, delusions and depression; and
Death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by a thiamine deficiency (deficiency of vitamin B1) in the diet. Thiamine is involved in the breakdown of energy molecules such as glucose and is also found on the membranes of neurons. |
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