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| a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, and eye shape. |
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| a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups |
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| actions or practices of dominant-group members that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group |
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| a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial group and the inferior treatment of another racial group |
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| Authoritarian personalities |
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| character type with excessive conformtity, submissivness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a highlevel of supersition and rigid, stereotyic thinking. |
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| overgeneralizations about the apperarence, behavior, or other characteristits of members of particular groups |
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| the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. |
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| Institutional discrimination |
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| the day to day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups. |
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| a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. |
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| the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and religion. |
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| a term used to describe the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary sector, composed of high paid workers in secure jobs, and a secondary sector, composed of lower paid workers in jobs with little security and hazardous conditions. |
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| the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color. |
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| the process of treating people as if they were objects or things, not human beings. |
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| the biological and anatomical differences between females and males |
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| distinctive qualitities of men and women (masculinity & Femininity) that are culturally created |
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| Primary sex characteristics |
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| the genitialia used in the reproduective process |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| the physical traits that identify an individual's sex. (non-reproductive) |
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| a person in whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body |
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| a person in whome sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete |
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| a male who lives as a woman or a female who lives as a man but does not alter the genitalia |
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| a person's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the oppostie sex (hetero), the same sex (homo) or both (bi) |
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term used to describe individuals whose appearence, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to common social rules of gender expression.
-cross-dress |
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| the culturally and socially constucted differeces between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associaated with "femininity" and "masculinity" |
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| the attitudes, behaviors, and activites that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process. |
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| a person's perception of the self as a female or male |
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| the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiotrity of the other sex |
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| a hierarchical system of social organiztaion in which cultural, politcal, and economic structures are controlled by MEN. |
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| behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over the other. |
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| the concentration of women and men in different ocupations, jobs, and places of work. |
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| a term used to describe the disparity btw women's and men's earnings. |
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| Double day or Second shift |
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Definition
many womeon must do this because of their dual responsibilities for paid and unpiad work.
-both domestic and work responsibilities |
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| is a person’s age based on date of birth. |
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| observable individual attributes such as physical appearance, mobility, strength, coordination, and mental capacity that are used to assign people to age categories. |
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| The aging of the U.S. population resulted from increased life expectancy and a decrease in birth rates. |
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| The average number of years that a group of people born in the same year could expect to live |
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| The study of aging and older people. |
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| the number of people of each age level within the society. |
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| the number and type of positions available to them |
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| prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons. |
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Physical abuse includes malnutrition, injuries and dislocations
-Financial exploitation involves theft or misuse of the older person’s money or property.
-Neglect is not providing sufficient care |
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| Stage-based Framework: Elisabeth Kübler-Ross |
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Definition
Five stages in the dying process:
1.Denial and isolation (“Not me!”)
2.Anger and resentment (“Why me?”)
3.Bargaining and an attempt to postpone (“Yes me, but . . . “—negotiating for divine intervention)
4.Depression and sense of loss
5. Acceptance. |
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| Dying Trajectory Framework |
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Definition
| Focuses on the perceived course of dying and the expected time of death |
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| The dying person should perform tasks that make dying easier on their loved ones and themselves |
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| are tangible objects that are necessary (such as food, clothing, and shelter) or desired (such as DVDs and electric toothbrushes |
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| processing raw materials into finished goods. Industrial |
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the provision of services rather than goods—as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders
-postindustrial |
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| Large-scale organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners. |
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| exists when several companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry. |
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exists when four or fewer companies supply 50% or more of a particular market.
-ex.U.S. automobile manufacturers (referred to as the “Big Three”) |
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| Combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company. |
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| some of the characteristics of a profession are eliminated |
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| skills needed by employers do not match skills of unemployed |
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| The percentage of unemployed persons in the labor force actively seeking jobs. |
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| the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups. |
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the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
-max weber |
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| a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance. |
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| Policitical Action committees |
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| organizations of special interest groups that solicit contribution from donors and fund campaigns to help elect candidates based on their stances on specific issues. |
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| a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representitives. |
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| a view of society that sees power in political systems as being concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites whereas the masses are relatively powerless. |
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| the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior. |
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Organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions.
-involves behavior intended to bring pain, injury, and/or psychological stress to people or to harm or destroy property.
-collective violence |
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| Calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective. |
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| the extent to which people are willing to interact and establish relationships with members of racial and ethinc groups other than their own |
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| the physical, psychological and social processes associated with growing older |
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| people born btw 1946 and 1964 |
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| primary aging as people progess through middle adulthood in the form of molecular and cellular changes in the body |
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| certain benifit payments paid by the gov including social security, medicar, and civil service pensions |
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| when people wait to have kids so they have to take care of both their chidren and their parents at the same time. |
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| What is the differece bte the way sociologist examines the economy and how a economist examines the economy?? |
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Definition
| Ecomomists focus on the complex workigns of the economic systems (such as monetary policy, inflation, and debt) but socialolgists focus on interconnections among the economy, other social institutions, and the social ogranization of work., |
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| emphasize producctivity at the expense of the workers |
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| the proces of breaking up work into specilized tasks and extremely small oportaions. |
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Definition
Henry Ford incorporated hierarchical authority structures and scientific management techniques into the manufacturing process
o Assembly lines, machines, and robots became a means of technical control over the work process
o Mass production through automation |
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| Frederick Taylor revolutionized the management system with scientific management---management removed from workers |
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| to emphasize economic liberty and freedom from government interference |
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