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Test 3
Test 3
76
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
03/22/2007

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Term
race
Definition
a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, and eye shape.
Term
Prejudice
Definition
a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups
Term
Discrimination
Definition
actions or practices of dominant-group members that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group
Term
Racism
Definition
a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial group and the inferior treatment of another racial group
Term
Authoritarian personalities
Definition
character type with excessive conformtity, submissivness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a highlevel of supersition and rigid, stereotyic thinking.
Term
stereotyping
Definition
overgeneralizations about the apperarence, behavior, or other characteristits of members of particular groups
Term
discrimination
Definition
Merton
Term
Genocide
Definition
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
Term
Institutional discrimination
Definition
the day to day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
Term
segregation
Definition
the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and religion.
Term
Split labor market
Definition
a term used to describe the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary sector, composed of high paid workers in secure jobs, and a secondary sector, composed of lower paid workers in jobs with little security and hazardous conditions.
Term
gendered racism
Definition
the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.
Term
Objectification
Definition
the process of treating people as if they were objects or things, not human beings.
Term
sex
Definition
the biological and anatomical differences between females and males
Term
Gender
Definition
distinctive qualitities of men and women (masculinity & Femininity) that are culturally created
Term
Primary sex characteristics
Definition
the genitialia used in the reproduective process
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
the physical traits that identify an individual's sex. (non-reproductive)
Term
Transsexual
Definition
a person in whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body
Term
Hermaphrodite
Definition
a person in whome sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete
Term
Transvestite
Definition
a male who lives as a woman or a female who lives as a man but does not alter the genitalia
Term
Sexual orientation
Definition
a person's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the oppostie sex (hetero), the same sex (homo) or both (bi)
Term
Transgender
Definition
term used to describe individuals whose appearence, behavior, or self-identification does not conform to common social rules of gender expression.
-cross-dress
Term
Gender
Definition
the culturally and socially constucted differeces between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associaated with "femininity" and "masculinity"
Term
Gender Role
Definition
the attitudes, behaviors, and activites that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
a person's perception of the self as a female or male
Term
Sexism
Definition
the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiotrity of the other sex
Term
Patriarchy
Definition
a hierarchical system of social organiztaion in which cultural, politcal, and economic structures are controlled by MEN.
Term
Matriarchy
Definition
controlled by women.
Term
gender bias
Definition
behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over the other.
Term
Gender segregated work
Definition
the concentration of women and men in different ocupations, jobs, and places of work.
Term
Wage gap
Definition
a term used to describe the disparity btw women's and men's earnings.
Term
Double day or Second shift
Definition
many womeon must do this because of their dual responsibilities for paid and unpiad work.
-both domestic and work responsibilities
Term
Chronological age
Definition
is a person’s age based on date of birth.
Term
functional age
Definition
observable individual attributes such as physical appearance, mobility, strength, coordination, and mental capacity that are used to assign people to age categories.
Term
Graying of America
Definition
The aging of the U.S. population resulted from increased life expectancy and a decrease in birth rates.
Term
Life expectancy
Definition
The average number of years that a group of people born in the same year could expect to live
Term
Gerontology
Definition
The study of aging and older people.
Term
Age Structure
Definition
the number of people of each age level within the society.
Term
Role Structure
Definition
the number and type of positions available to them
Term
Ageism
Definition
prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons.
Term
Elder Abuse
Definition
Physical abuse includes malnutrition, injuries and dislocations
-Financial exploitation involves theft or misuse of the older person’s money or property.
-Neglect is not providing sufficient care
Term
Stage-based Framework: Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Definition
Five stages in the dying process:
1.Denial and isolation (“Not me!”)
2.Anger and resentment (“Why me?”)
3.Bargaining and an attempt to postpone (“Yes me, but . . . “—negotiating for divine intervention)
4.Depression and sense of loss
5. Acceptance.
Term
Dying Trajectory Framework
Definition
Focuses on the perceived course of dying and the expected time of death
Term
Task-based Framework
Definition
The dying person should perform tasks that make dying easier on their loved ones and themselves
Term
Goods
Definition
are tangible objects that are necessary (such as food, clothing, and shelter) or desired (such as DVDs and electric toothbrushes
Term
Secondary Sector
Definition
processing raw materials into finished goods. Industrial
Term
Tertiary sector
Definition
the provision of services rather than goods—as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders
-postindustrial
Term
Corporations
Definition
Large-scale organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners.
Term
Oligopolly
Definition
exists when several companies overwhelmingly control an entire industry.
Term
Shared monopoly
Definition
exists when four or fewer companies supply 50% or more of a particular market.
-ex.U.S. automobile manufacturers (referred to as the “Big Three”)
Term
Conglomerate
Definition
Combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.
Term
Deprofessionalization
Definition
some of the characteristics of a profession are eliminated
Term
structural unemploymemt
Definition
skills needed by employers do not match skills of unemployed
Term
Unemployment Rate
Definition
The percentage of unemployed persons in the labor force actively seeking jobs.
Term
politics
Definition
the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups.
Term
Power
Definition
the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
-max weber
Term
absolute monarchies
Definition
a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.
Term
Policitical Action committees
Definition
organizations of special interest groups that solicit contribution from donors and fund campaigns to help elect candidates based on their stances on specific issues.
Term
Democracy
Definition
a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representitives.
Term
elite model
Definition
a view of society that sees power in political systems as being concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites whereas the masses are relatively powerless.
Term
Political socialization
Definition
the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.
Term
War
Definition
Organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions.
-involves behavior intended to bring pain, injury, and/or psychological stress to people or to harm or destroy property.
-collective violence
Term
Terrorism
Definition
Calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective.
Term
social distance
Definition
the extent to which people are willing to interact and establish relationships with members of racial and ethinc groups other than their own
Term
Aging
Definition
the physical, psychological and social processes associated with growing older
Term
Baby boomers
Definition
people born btw 1946 and 1964
Term
senescence
Definition
primary aging as people progess through middle adulthood in the form of molecular and cellular changes in the body
Term
Entitlements
Definition
certain benifit payments paid by the gov including social security, medicar, and civil service pensions
Term
sandwhich generation
Definition
when people wait to have kids so they have to take care of both their chidren and their parents at the same time.
Term
What is the differece bte the way sociologist examines the economy and how a economist examines the economy??
Definition
Ecomomists focus on the complex workigns of the economic systems (such as monetary policy, inflation, and debt) but socialolgists focus on interconnections among the economy, other social institutions, and the social ogranization of work.,
Term
Mcdonaldization
Definition
emphasize producctivity at the expense of the workers
Term
deskilling of workers
Definition
the proces of breaking up work into specilized tasks and extremely small oportaions.
Term
Fordism
Definition
Henry Ford incorporated hierarchical authority structures and scientific management techniques into the manufacturing process
o Assembly lines, machines, and robots became a means of technical control over the work process
o Mass production through automation
Term
Taylorism
Definition
Frederick Taylor revolutionized the management system with scientific management---management removed from workers
Term
conservatives
Definition
to emphasize economic liberty and freedom from government interference
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