Term
|
Definition
| the subjective experience of perceiving oneself and surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a synonym for consciousness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natural altered state of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| how is brain activity measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 1st stage of sleep |
|
Definition
transition from wakefulness (5 min)
hypnagogic sensation (arm twitch) |
|
|
Term
| what is the 2nd stage of sleep |
|
Definition
brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles (20 min)
more if you have higher IQ |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3rd and 4th stages of sleep |
|
Definition
deeper sleep; HR, body temp, and breathing decrease to lowest points
delta waves occur |
|
|
Term
| what is the 5th stage of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the REM sleep cycle |
|
Definition
goes back to 4,3,2 and then REM
takes about 90 minutes |
|
|
Term
| describe paradoxical sleep |
|
Definition
externally calm but internally active
HR and breathing increase but muscles are essentially paralyzed
lots of brain activity and vivid dreams |
|
|
Term
| what happens to brain processes during REM |
|
Definition
still takes in information outside of conscious awareness
ex. roll around bed but don't fall off |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 theories to the function of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the restorative theory of sleep |
|
Definition
sleep repairs body after each day
helps consolidate memories and facilitate learning |
|
|
Term
| describe the evolutionary theory to sleep |
|
Definition
conserves energy
reduced risk of death due to night predators |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when someone doesnt get enough sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you are sleep deprived the next time you sleep you fall into REM faster |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of sleep deprivation |
|
Definition
throws off sleep cycle
impairs immune system
decreases attention and motor responses
after several days hallucinations and paranoia |
|
|
Term
| What is Freud's belief on why we dream |
|
Definition
| dreams reflect unconscious motivations |
|
|
Term
| what do most scientists think of dreams |
|
Definition
| they have no special meanings |
|
|
Term
| what is the activation synthesis idea of dreams |
|
Definition
| we dream because our brains are aroused during REM |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurocognitive theory of sleep |
|
Definition
| dreaming is just like thinking except we cant control it |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of alcohol and sleep meds on sleep |
|
Definition
reduce amount of REM
REM rebound easily develops
become dependant on meds if frequently used |
|
|
Term
| what are good sleeping tips |
|
Definition
dont eat big meals or do physical activity before
keep same sleep schedule every day
avoid caffine at night
use bed for only sleep
dont watch the clock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
morning light resets or circadian rythms
gets out of line when we travel
harder to adjust when flying east |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden episodes of screaming, sweating, confusion
not a nightmare
occurs in kids during stage 3 and 4 of sleep
can run in families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden unexpected sleep attacks (enter REM immediately) |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of narcolepsy |
|
Definition
cataplexy
tired during the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of muscle tone when experiencing strong emotions |
|
|
Term
| describe the characteristics of sleepwalking |
|
Definition
occurs in non REM sleep
usually harmless, although on rare occasions people do more than walk around
certain parts of brain are awake while others are asleep |
|
|
Term
| what is REM behavior disorder |
|
Definition
rare condition when sleepers act out their dreams
brain stem structures that keep us from moving while asleep dont function properly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief stoppage of breathing; snoring most common detector |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of sleep apnea |
|
Definition
dangerous, leads to not feeling rested
woken up for brief periods (few seconds) multiple times per night |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuous positive air pressure
forces are in the nose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difficulty falling or staying asleep or early awakening
most common sleep disorder
tired during the day |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common sleep disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is insomnia medically treated |
|
Definition
benzodiazepines, antihistamines
non benzodiazepine hypnotics:
ambien (helps people fall asleep)
lunesta (helps people fall and stay asleep) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are psychological interventions of insomnia |
|
Definition
sleep hygiene
relaxation training
stimulus control
sleep restriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arranging sleep enviornment to be comfortable
ex. good temp, no caffeine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controlling stimuluses
bed=sleep |
|
|
Term
| what is sleep restriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition of increases suggestibility
altered state of consciousness, theyre awake |
|
|
Term
| what makes hypnosis unlike sleep |
|
Definition
people walk around and respond to the world
are awake but relaxed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how did Anton Mesmer hypnotize people |
|
Definition
| used a magnet and his hand to "redirect blood and magnetic fluids" |
|
|
Term
| describe the induction stage of hypnosis |
|
Definition
relaxation, concentration
often about heavy eyelids, feeling sleepy, sensation in arms |
|
|
Term
| what is the post hypnotic suggestion |
|
Definition
attention to single idea
instructions to change particular behavior |
|
|
Term
| what factors influence hypnosis |
|
Definition
person's degree of suggestibility
degree of vivid mental imagery
must be willing to be hypnotized |
|
|
Term
| what are the uses for hypnosis |
|
Definition
good for acute pain
maybe for quitting addictions
not for improving memory or recalling memories |
|
|
Term
| what are the ideas of health psychology |
|
Definition
emotions, personality, and behavior influence health
mental functions have physical influences; physical functions have mental influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| events interpreted as threatening and that elicit physiological and behavioral repsonses |
|
|
Term
| what is Selye's General Adaption Syndrome |
|
Definition
| phases of responding to stressful events |
|
|
Term
| what is phase 1 of Selye's General Adaption Syndrome |
|
Definition
Alarm reaction (mobilize resources)
fight or flight:
sympathetic nervous system gets body ready to react |
|
|
Term
| what is phase 2 of Selye's General Adaption Syndrome |
|
Definition
Resistance (cope with stressor)
heart rate, blood pressure stay up; hormones released |
|
|
Term
| what is phase 3 of Selye's General Adaption Syndrome |
|
Definition
exhaustion (reserves depleted)
with prolonged stressors; vulnerable to illness/psych probs/ even death |
|
|
Term
| what are the criticisms of Selye's model |
|
Definition
underestimate psychological factors
all stress responses do not produce the same physiological effects
chronic activation (resistance phase) is a more potent predictor of health problems than exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| what is posttraumatic stress disorder |
|
Definition
exposure to dangerous or life threatening event
response to helplessness or fear |
|
|
Term
| what are common symptoms of PTSD |
|
Definition
intrusive recollections of the trauma (nightmares or flashbacks)
avoidance of trauma stimuli/ emotional numbing
hyperarousal |
|
|
Term
| how are human beings resiliant |
|
Definition
most people who experience traumatic events do not develop significant symptoms
ex. most sexually abused kids are normal adults |
|
|
Term
| how does stress affect health |
|
Definition
more stress negatively effects it
ex. more students sick during finals |
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic NS activation in the physiology of stress |
|
Definition
| catecholamine release, increased HR, BP and respiration |
|
|
Term
| what is the HPA activation in the physiology of stress |
|
Definition
hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland
pituitary then releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which stimulates adrenal gland
adrenal gland releases cortisol and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
links the nervous system to the endocrine system
under stress stimulates pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alters immune system (reduces inflammation) and digestive system
increases blood sugar for fuel cells
enhance metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what are some indirect health effects of stress |
|
Definition
poor diet
substance abuse
risky behavior
sleep problems
depression/anxiety |
|
|
Term
| what are some direct health effects of stress |
|
Definition
damage/exhaustion of immune system (illness)
potential risk for heart disease (chronic inflammation)
damage to hippocampus (memory)
increases in blood sugar and central fat |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect stress related heart disease |
|
Definition
personality: hostility, impatient, competitive = higher risk
social support, good attitude = lower risk |
|
|
Term
| how does stress effect our immune system |
|
Definition
chronic stress weakens it
it takes energy to fight disease, stress reduces energy |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of immune system responses being conditioned |
|
Definition
| sight of a cat may trigger allergic reaction before contact with dander |
|
|
Term
| what is the order of events based on amount of stress |
|
Definition
positive event
negative event
uncontrollable event
ambiguous event |
|
|
Term
| what is problem focused stress coping |
|
Definition
direct attempts to alleviate stress/tackle the challenge
often used when we believe we have control over stress |
|
|
Term
| what is emotion focused stress coping |
|
Definition
indirect attempts to alleviate stress and attend to ones emotional needs (avoid stressor itself)
often used when we cant control the situation |
|
|
Term
| what is reappraisal stress coping |
|
Definition
| reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relationships with people/groups that provides us with emotional comfort and resources |
|
|
Term
| what factors effect our ability to manage stress |
|
Definition
optimism vs. pessimism
perception of control
spirituality
relaxation
exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex sequence of reactions to a stimulus/event |
|
|
Term
| what is the limbic system component of emotion |
|
Definition
control of emotion
frontal and temporal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| sympathetic branch- fight or flight |
|
|
Term
| what is the common sense model of emotion |
|
Definition
| events -> feelings/emotion -> behavior |
|
|
Term
| what is the James-Lange model of emotion |
|
Definition
| contextes/situation -> physiological arousal -> subjective (feeling) components |
|
|
Term
| what happened in the Epinephrine x mood study |
|
Definition
| the group that was informed showed less emotional change than the uninformed group |
|
|
Term
| describe Schachter and Singer's model of emotion |
|
Definition
emotions are derived from both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal
type determined by context
emotional intensity determined by intensity of arousal |
|
|
Term
| describe the case study of emotion and capgras syndrom |
|
Definition
a disorder of disconnect between emotion and cognition
person is normal in every sense
has failure to recognize (visually) family and friends
assumed they were imposters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the limbic system case study of Phineas Gage |
|
Definition
iron rod was blown through head
lived for 12 years while most would have died
part of frontal lobe was destroyed
his personality was completely different |
|
|
Term
| what does the frontal lobe do |
|
Definition
| provides link between rational decision making and emotion |
|
|
Term
| describe the limbic system case study of Charles whitman |
|
Definition
experienced slow decent into uncontrollable aggression
kills wife and mother, writes notes saying he has no idea why he did it
went on 2 day killing spree of 14 people
tumor on amyglada speculated to be cause of rage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emotional relay station
controls fear and aggression
tumors on the area cause aggression |
|
|
Term
| what happened in the Ms. S.M. case study |
|
Definition
genetic disorder resulting in damage to both amygdalas
loss of fear
increased trustworthiness
tended to invade other personal space |
|
|
Term
| how does serotonin effect emotion |
|
Definition
low= impulsive, violent
high= sense of well being/self esteem |
|
|
Term
| how are serotonin levels altered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower levels of serotonin are found in who |
|
Definition
problem children
impulsive arsonists
murderers
suicide victims |
|
|
Term
| higher levels of serotonin are found in who |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is lesson number 1 of personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a construct (not a physical entity)
consistent set of behaviors, people display over time, in a variety of situations, that distinguishes individuals from each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consistent, long lasting tendency in behavior |
|
|
Term
| what is a state in personality |
|
Definition
| temporary activation of a particular behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of self esteem being overrated |
|
Definition
raising self esteem doesnt improve productivity and sometimes hurts performance
many successful people have low self esteem |
|
|
Term
| what is lesson 2 of personality |
|
Definition
| personality is influence by situational factors |
|
|
Term
| how do traits influence personality |
|
Definition
| supported by relation of personality to biology/genes |
|
|
Term
| what types of environment influences affect personality |
|
Definition
the situation itself
cultural heritage
age |
|
|
Term
| how does age effect personality |
|
Definition
more neurotic and open to new experiences as young adults
personality changes less as we get older |
|
|
Term
| what is the fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| underestimating the influence of situations in the behavior of other people (we blame their behavior on personality) |
|
|
Term
| what is the Self-raising bias |
|
Definition
attributing our failures to external causes and out of success to internal causes (overslept because alarm didnt go off resulting in absence)
attributing failure of others to internal causes and success to external |
|
|
Term
| what is lesson 3 of personality |
|
Definition
| some ways of measuring personality are better than others |
|
|
Term
| describe personality measurement |
|
Definition
all measures use behaviors to infer personality
judgements are most accurate when information from different measures converge |
|
|
Term
| describe how interviews measure personality |
|
Definition
usually structured about specific behavior
rely on honesty of interviewee |
|
|
Term
| describe how observations measure personality |
|
Definition
observing and rating behaviors
presence of observers may interfere |
|
|
Term
| describe how standardized tests/surveys measure personality |
|
Definition
administered and scored according to specific rules
very comprehensive, valid, and reliable
same test can compare multiple people
most common personality assessment |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common personality assessment |
|
Definition
| standardized tests/surveys |
|
|
Term
| describe the MMPI personality test |
|
Definition
567 yes/no items
items distinguish groups of people with and without psychopathology |
|
|
Term
| describe the Personality Assessment Inventory |
|
Definition
344 Likert-scale items
validity scales (can tell if youre lying), clinical
relevant for normal personality patterns and psychopathology |
|
|
Term
| describe the NEO-PI personality test |
|
Definition
240 likert-scale items
measures normal personality patterns
conforms to big five model |
|
|
Term
| describe the Myers-Briggs type indicator |
|
Definition
based on Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory
no validity scales
classifies people into 1 of 16 categories
based on extraverted/introverted, sensing/intuitive, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving
aka "big pile of shit"
poor reliability, most people score between categories, not a good predictor of performance |
|
|
Term
| describe projective personality tests |
|
Definition
people presumably project their personality onto ambiguous stimuli
based on Freudian psychodynamic theory
poor validity and reliability |
|
|
Term
| what are commonly used projective tests |
|
Definition
the Rorschach
the TAT
House-tree-person |
|
|
Term
| describe the rorschach test |
|
Definition
| vague picture, say what you see |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
black and white picture
tell a story |
|
|
Term
| how is personality measurement used |
|
Definition
diagnosing pathology and measuring improvement during therapy
screening job applicants
performing disability compensation evaluations
studying leadership |
|
|
Term
| what are the basic principles of Freud's psychoanalytic theory |
|
Definition
psychic determinism
sex and aggression
unconscious motivations
importance of upbringing |
|
|
Term
| describe freud's psychoanalytic theory on psychic determinism |
|
Definition
| all psychological events have an underlying cause and meaning |
|
|
Term
| what was freud's view on sex and aggression |
|
Definition
| the drives that guide human behavior |
|
|
Term
| describe freud's view on unconscious motivations |
|
Definition
| thoughts and feelings that we cant bring into full awareness influence our behavior |
|
|
Term
| what did freud believe was the goal of therapy |
|
Definition
| to bring the unconscious drives and memories back to the conscious |
|
|
Term
| what make up the structure of personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the ID in the structure of personality |
|
Definition
most animalistic
present at birth
immediate gratification
sexual and aggressive desires |
|
|
Term
| describe the superego in the structure of personality |
|
Definition
last to form, constantly competes with ID
forms in early childhood
sense of right and wrong
internalized morality of culture |
|
|
Term
| describe the ego in the structure of personality |
|
Definition
negotiator between ID and superego
forms before superego
rational |
|
|
Term
| what makes up Freud's personality theory |
|
Definition
the five psychosexual stages
fixation |
|
|
Term
| describe the five psychosexual stages in freud's personality theory |
|
Definition
involve satisfaction of instinctual desires
satisfaction requires form of sexual gratification
resolution of developmental tasks |
|
|
Term
| describe fixation in freud's personality theory |
|
Definition
incomplete resolution of an earlier stage
evident in times of stress
may result in neurosis or psychosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict between ego and ID or superego |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict between ego and reality |
|
|
Term
| describe the oral stage of freud's psychosexual theory |
|
Definition
birth-1.5 years
pleasure derived from mouth
developmental task: wean from breast/bottle
fixation results in dependent personality (people who constantly bite nails, chew gum, smoke) |
|
|
Term
| describe the anal stage of freud's psychosexual theory |
|
Definition
age 1.5-3
pleasure derived from bowel and bladder elimination
developmental task: potty training
fixation results in stubborn personality (never go to bathroom hold it in as adults) or cruel personality (go whenever they want) |
|
|
Term
| describe he phallic stage of freud's psychosexual theory |
|
Definition
age 3-6
pleasure derived from genitals (self discovery)
developmental task: successful identification with same sex parent
fixation results in conflicts with parents, sexual ID problems |
|
|
Term
| describe the latency stage of freud's psychosexual theory |
|
Definition
age 6-puberty
sexual desires repressed
developmental task: transform urges into culturally accepted, non-sexual activites |
|
|
Term
| describe the genital stage of freud's psychosexual theory |
|
Definition
puberty - ??
pleasure derived from genitals (sexual interest in others)
developmental task: mature adult sexuality (love, work, responsiblity) |
|
|
Term
| describe the good characteristics of freud's personality theory |
|
Definition
role of attachment to parents
defense mechanisms
some mental processes occur without awareness (unconscious process)
comprehensive
spurred research |
|
|
Term
| describe the bad characteristics of freud's personality theory |
|
Definition
untestable
no experimental data
based on unrepresentative case studies (high class victorians)
to much focus on sexual drives |
|
|
Term
| who was the most influential psychologist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did other personality theories have in common with freud's |
|
Definition
pessimistic view of human nature
determinism (every behavior has a cause)
reductionistic (component elements of behavior) |
|
|
Term
| describe what makes up the behavioral learning theory |
|
Definition
personality is learned
environment is most important determinant
no such thing as unconscious (just unawareness of influences) |
|
|
Term
| describe what makes up the social learning theory |
|
Definition
social environment
thinking is important (interpretation of situation)
observational learning (we learn by watching others)
gender roles |
|
|
Term
| describe the characteristics of humanistic psychology |
|
Definition
focuses on strengths of the whole person rather than the personality flaws
actual self vs. ideal self
self-actualization = achievement of full potential |
|
|
Term
| what is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
|
Definition
self actualization
esteem needs
social needs
safety needs
physiological needs |
|
|
Term
| what are the big five personality dimensions |
|
Definition
1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism |
|
|
Term
| describe the 1st dimension of the big five |
|
Definition
Openness to New Experiences: the tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences like art, music, film, etc.
vivid imagination, excellent ideas |
|
|
Term
| describe the 2nd dimension of the big five |
|
Definition
Conscientiousness: the tendency to show self-discipline and competence and be dutiful and achievement oriented.
pay attention to details, get tasks done correctly |
|
|
Term
| describe the 3rd dimension of the big five |
|
Definition
Extroversion: the tendency to seek company of others and are warm, generous, and impulsive.
dont mind being center of attention |
|
|
Term
| describe the 4th dimension of the big five |
|
Definition
Agreeableness: the tendency to be compassionate and trustworthy
sympathize with others feelings |
|
|
Term
| describe the 5th dimension of the big five |
|
Definition
Neuroticism: the tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily and anxious, depression.
get irritated easily, worry about things |
|
|
Term
| how are people rated on each dimension of the big 5 |
|
Definition
| the are high or low on each |
|
|
