periodontal disease

bacterial infections (pyorrhea)

anaerobic bacteria (bactericides species)

mystery disease with unknown etiology 

inflammation of the mouth

strongly associated with smoking, with alcohol signficant factors

sequence of lesions similar to those in lung cancer in that there are warning lesions such as white and red plaques 

most common oral cancer

inflammation can be caused by bacterial infections, viruses and duct obstruction. 

very painful salivary gland disease

inflammation of the esophagus caused by acid reflux

treatment of esophagitis,

H2 blockers 

can be sliding when the stomach moves through the diaphragm or the paraesophageal. 

leads to acid reflux

controlled by our autonomic nervous system and allows the movement of the GI tract.

when this fails in the esophagus, it is called acalasia with spasm 

circulatory disturbances, in alcoholics with severe cirrhosis, there is back pressure of veins and the esophagus veins become distended.

these often rupture leading to massive hemorrhage

most are squamous cell carcinomas, but the ones at the lower portion adenocarcinomas predominate

poor prognosis because symptoms appear late

inflammation of the stomach.

Curling's ulcer, Cushings ulcers, and chronic

response to the acid in the stomach and caused by exposure to stomach acid.

margins of ulcer sharp, in contrast to tumors

associated with H. pylori infection

scientists won a noble prize for this discovery when everyone though that no bacteria could live in the stomach

1. hemorrhage

2. penetration

3. perforation

4. Cicatrization

occurs 1-3 hours after meals and well localized

treated with anti-acids, H2 blockers, and eradication of H. pylori infection

benign tumors arise from elements in the stomach

most arise in distal stomach

usually present late and treatment not very successful

common tumor in people in the USA. Once common in Japan, but with refrigeration and the stoppage of NITROSAMINES to preserve food, the incidence in Japan similar to that in the USA

gastric neoplasm

have better prognosis as they can locally be resected and have a better prognosis

gastric neoplasm

1. atresia of anus

2. Hirschsprung's disease

3. Meckel's diverticulum 

an outpouching remnant can become filled with food and get infected like appendicitis

pain on the left lower quandrant 

can occur througout the GI tract, most commonly in the descending colon

can rupture, but usually walled off by fat

consist of Crohn's disease and ulverative colitis (sometimes difficult to tell apart)

both chronic diseases of the GI tract and unknown etiology

generally involves terminal ileum and colon

characterized by transmural (all layers) chronic inflammation with granuloma formation 

general symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss

may be bleeding and can be complicated by scarring or stenosis with partial obstruction

often starts from rectal lesions and may eventually involve the entire colon

limited to the mucosa (superficial part of lining)

symptoms start out with bloody diarrhea

can lead to development of carcinoma in colon

blind sack located off the caecum

more common in children and adolescents

starts with umbilical pain and the the pain moves to the right lower quadrant

may rupture with peritonitis and death, serious medical emergency 

diagnosis may be difficult and even the best surgeons make mistakes about operating

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

Fibrino-purulent exudates (fribrin and neutrophils)

may be sterile-caused by bile leaking from ruptured gall bladder

infectious caused by leakage of organisms from gut or may arrive via blood 

two types:

1. Adynamic or paralytic ileus

2. Obstructive ileus

a result of failure of the intrinsic neurological system to stimulate the bowel to move or have peristaltic action

commonly occurs after surgery when the bowels are handled or as a result of narcotics 

caused by:

1.stenosis (narrowing),

2. Intussusception (enfolding upon itself),

3.Volvulus (twisting),

and 4. trapped in a hernia (such as a inguinal or abdominal outpouching)

inability to absorb food and nutrients which may be result of lack of pancreatic enzymes, infections or diseases processes

Celiac sprue, tropical sprue, and Whipple's disease

three categories- benign, pre-cancerous and cancerous

some genetic predisposition

might expect a lot of tumors in small intestine due to rapid turnover of cells BUT actually infrequent

classified as tubular, villous and tubulovillus

usually do not have stalks and grow as flat tumors (tendency to become malignant) 

95% of malignant tumors in intestines

high percent in distal descending colon and may form CONSTRICTION RINGS

tumors on the right side present late and often diagnosed by blood in stool and presentation of anemia

detected by colonoscopy and or various imaging techniques

prognosis depends on degree of penetration through wall of colon

make up 5% of malignant tumors

derived from nueroectodermal cells and are generally small