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test 3
cardiac, muskuloskeletal, eating disorders, gi, integumentary, psychopathology, neuro disorders, child abus, adhd
78
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
04/04/2010

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Term
when do anterior fontanels close?
Definition
18 months
Term
when do posterior fontanels close?
Definition
2-3 months
Term
why are fractures of the Epiphyses of concern in children?
Definition
it is where the long bone growth centers are.
Term
Why might a child get growing pains?
Definition
because thier bones grow quicker than those of adults.
Term
Why might a childs fracture be mistaken for a sprain?
Definition
until puberty childrens ligaments and tendons are stronger than bones.
Term
What is osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)?
Definition
group of inhereted disorders of connective tissue with conective tissue and bone defects.
Term
what disease is know as fragile bone disease?
Definition
OI
Term
The signs of OI should not be confused with what?
Definition
child abuse. fragile bones may break easier and you may see bones in different stages of healing with this disease.
Term
what does iotrogenic mean?
Definition
caused by medical treatment
Term
With what disease would you never lift a child by their legs to change a diaper?
Definition
OI
Term
what is Legg-Calve perthes disease?
Definition
avascular necrosis of the head of the femur most frequently seen in children 4-8 years of age.
Term
what are the four stages of legg-calves disease?
Definition
avascular, revascular/fragmentation, repairative, regenerative.
Term
what are some assessment findings of someone with legg-calves perthes disease?
Definition
intermitten limp with or without pain, intermitten or constant hip soreness, ache and stiffness that goes away with rest, ROM limited in hip internal rotation and hip abduction, pain that increases with weight bearing and may radiate to thighs or knee.
Term
what is the treatment of legg- calves perthes disease include?
Definition
skin traction for abduction and internal rotation to position the head of the femur deep into the acetabulum, NWB initially, standing and kneeling prohbited, later motionis encouraged, bracing abducts hips 45 degrees, surgery.
Term
what occurs in slipped capital femoral epiphysis?
Definition
spontaneous displacement of the proximal femoral epiphysis in a posterior or inferior direction.
Term
when is the onset of slipped capital femoral epiphysis?
Definition
the onset peak is 12-13 years. onset can occur abruptly with injury or can occur gradually.
Term
What are some assessment findings with slipped capital femoral epiphysis?
Definition
limited hip abduction and internal rotation, pain which can be referred to the knee or anterior medial thigh or groin, limp on the affected side and finally the inability to walk, leg shortening.
Term
what may delayed treatment lead to in slipped capital femoral epiphysis?
Definition
degenerative osteoarthritis
Term
What is scoliosis?
Definition
an s shaped lateral curvature of the spine with rotation of the rib cage. causes cosmetic and physiological change in the spine, chest, and pelvis
Term
what group tends to have scoliosis more?
Definition
girls 12- 16 years of age.
Term
how is scoliosis managed in someone with a curvature of 20-40 degrees?
Definition
braces worn 16- 23 hours.
Term
how is scoliosis managed for a curvature of 45-55 degrees or more?
Definition
surgery is required
Term
What are some of the post op care given to a patient that just went through a back surgery to fix scoliosis?
Definition
log roll, no twisting, abdomen assessment, check for urinary retention, treat pain, quad setting excersises, assess for feeling sense, assess respiratory
Term
what are the two different types of traction?
Definition
manual and mechanical
Term
Ilizarov external fixator used for?
Definition
immobilize fractures, corrects angulation defects, may be used for limb lengthening.
Term
in traction what determines the line of pull?
Definition
the angle
Term
what are some effects of immobilzation of the musculoskeletal system?
Definition
reduce strength and coordination, bone demineralization, loss of joint mobility and contracture formation
Term
what are some side effects of immobilzation on the cardiac system?
Definition
thrombus formation, increased cardiac workload, venous stasis and dependant edema
Term
what are some side effects of immoblization on the respiratory system?
Definition
reduced rate and depth of respirations, limited chest expansion, reduced movement of secretions, atelectasis leading to hypostatis pneumonia.
Term
what are some effects of the GI due to immobilazation?
Definition
overweight related to inactivity, underweight related to poor apetite or diet intolerance, neg nitrogen balance, muscle wasting, constipation.
Term
what are effects on the GU system due to immobilazation?
Definition
urinary stasis or urinary tract infection
Term
what effects are taken on the skin due to imobility?
Definition
ulcers or necrosis
Term
if a child has been restrained before the age of 3 what may occur?
Definition
language difficulties
Term
what are some reaction to imobility that you should assess for?
Definition
regression, depression, guilt, protest, anger, belief that bad behavior or thoughts cause injury ( only in toddlers)
Term
what does inversion varus mean?
Definition
inward (adductus)
Term
wat does inversion valgus mean?
Definition
outward (abductus)
Term
describe dorsiflexion calcaneus?
Definition
toes are higher than the heels.
Term
describe plantar flexion equinus.
Definition
toes are lower than heels
Term
what are treatments for cellulitis?
Definition
oral or parenteral antibiotics, warm moist compress to the effected area, elevation of effected area.
Term
what is the most common organism which is associated with impetigo?
Definition
staphylococcus
Term
what is a common charcteristic finding with impetigo?
Definition
honey colored crust on the nose mouth and limbs
Term
what is the treatment for impetigo?
Definition
antibiotics ( topical or systemic)
Term
what medications are used to treat a tinea infection?
Definition
oral griseofulvin ( which should be taken with high in fat foods), oral ketoconazole, topical miconazole or clotrimazole.
Term
what is tinea corporis?
Definition
ringworm
Term
what meds are used to treat scabies?
Definition
Permethrin 5% from neck to toes and leave on overnight. or sulfur 6% in petroleum or cold cream daily for 3 days
Term
what is pediculosis capitis?
Definition
lice
Term
what do you treat lice with?
Definition
pediculocides or wet combing if child is < 2 years old.
Term
what is oral candidiasis?
Definition
Common fungal infection more common as result of antibiotic therapy. May see with children with asthma who uses inhalers.
Term
what are the three common causes of diaper dermatitis?
Definition
wettness, ph, fecal irritants.
Term
what is atopic dermatitis?
Definition
eczema. chronic, superficial inflammatory skin disorder.
Term
what is a common treatment for atopical dermatitis?
Definition
corticosteriods which could be a low potency topical or oral. non steroidal creams can be used as early as 6 mo and on face. immunomodulators- tacrolimus
Term
what is steven- johnson syndrome?
Definition
acute hypersensitivity syndrome to lamictal or bactrim.
Term
what ae some causes of diarrhea?
Definition
emotional stress, infections, dietary, meds, toxins, entercolitis
Term
with dehydration is the BUN up or down?
Definition
up
Term
define cerebral palsy.
Definition
nonspecific term applied to disorders characterized by early onset of impaired movement and posture.
Term
what are some causes or cerebral palsy?
Definition
chorioamnionitis, shaken baby syndrome, prematurity, post natal bacterial meningitis, intrapartum asphyxia, severe hypoglycemia.
Term
what are the three types of cerebral palsy?
Definition
spastic, dyskinetic/ atheloid, ataxic
Term
what are the clinical signs of cerebral palsy?
Definition
delayed motor development, early hand preference, abnormal or asymmetric crawl, walk on toes, poor coordination, feeding difficulties, persistent tongue thrust.
Term
what are some common problems experienced with CP?
Definition
constipation, poor bladder control and/or retention, resp infections, skin breakdown, GE reflux, pooor nutrition, growth failure, contractures, immobility
Term
what are some skeletal muscle relaxants?
Definition
dantrolene (dantrium), methocarebamol (robaxin), baclofen (lioseral)
Term
what are some warning signs od CP?
Definition
poor head control or no smile by 3 months, stiff or rigid arms or legs, pushing away or arched back, floppy or limp body posture, cant sit up without support by 8 months, uses only one side of body or arms to crawl, feeding difficulties, tongue thrust after 6 months.
Term
what is the number 2 cause of death in infants?
Definition
CHF
Term
what medication should you be cautious with for med errors exspecially if you are giving more than 1 ml?
Definition
digoxin
Term
what is the o2 sat in the right side of the heart? what is it in the left?
Definition
right 69% left 95%
Term
if too much blood shunts to the right what must you fight?
Definition
left heart failure.
Term
what happens if too much blood shunts to the left?
Definition
blood bypasses the lungs and cyanosis can occur
Term
what is a vetricular spetal defect?
Definition
a hole between the ventricles.
Term
what is a atrial spetal defect?
Definition
a hole between the atria
Term
what is atriaovetricular canal or endocardial cushion defect?
Definition
a one chamber heart
Term
what is the o2 sat on the right side with an atrial spetal defect?
Definition
88%
Term
describe stenosis?
Definition
narrowing of a structure.
Term
what is pulmonic stenosis?
Definition
narrowing of the enterance to the pulmonary artery.
Term
in pulmonic stenosis pressure increases in the _____________ and blood flow to the lungs is ___________.
Definition
right atrium, shunted to the left atrium.
Term
coarcharcation of the aorta is described as?
Definition
localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus, which results in increased pressure proximal to the defect ( head and upper extremities) and decreased pressure distal to the obstruction ( body and lower extremities)
Term
in patent ductus arteriosus there is a shunt to the _______and a/an ________ in pulmonaryblood flow.
Definition
right, increase
Term
what two structualdefects cause what two other in tetrology of fallot?
Definition
pulmonary stenosis causes right hypertrophy. VSD causes aortic override.
Term
what organisms can lead to UTI?
Definition
E.coli, klebsiella, proteus pseudomonas, staph aureus
Term
what are used to help treat UTI?
Definition
penicillins, sulfonamides, cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin.
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