Term
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Definition
| the process by which people act and react in relation to others |
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Term
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Definition
| a social position that a person holds |
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Term
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Definition
| all the statuses a person holds at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life |
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Term
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Definition
| a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort |
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Term
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Definition
| a status that has specials importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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Term
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Definition
| a number of roles attached to a single status |
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Term
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Definition
| conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses |
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Term
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Definition
| tension among the roles connected to a single status |
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Term
| social construction of reality |
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Definition
| the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| claim that situations defined as real are real in their consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| Harold Garfinkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Erving Goffman's term for a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others |
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Term
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Definition
| communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech |
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Term
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Definition
| the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more people who identify with and interact with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
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Term
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Definition
| group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| group leadership that focuses on the group's will-being |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group toward which a member fells respect and loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group with two members |
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Term
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Definition
| a social group with three members |
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Term
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Definition
| a web of weak social ties |
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Term
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Definition
| a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
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Term
| rationalization of society |
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Definition
| Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
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Term
| organizational environment |
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Definition
| factors outside an organization that affect its operation |
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Term
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Definition
| a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule of the many by the few |
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Term
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Definition
| Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological distinction between females and males |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the genitals, organs used for reproduction |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily development, apart form the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males |
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Term
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Definition
| people whose bodies (including genitals) have both female and male characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| people who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other |
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Term
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Definition
| a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to someone of the other sex |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to people of the same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to people of both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex |
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Term
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Definition
| discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| the selling of sexual services |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate termination of a pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society |
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Term
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Definition
| a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" |
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Term
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Definition
| the recognized violation of cultural norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the organizations--police, courts, and prison officials--that respond to alleged violations of the law |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations |
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Term
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Definition
| the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf |
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Term
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Definition
| a business supplying illegal goods or services |
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Term
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Definition
| a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
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Term
| crimes against the person |
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Definition
| crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others; also known as violent crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes that involve theft or money or property belonging to others; also known as property crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| violations of law in which there are no obvious victims |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea |
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Term
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Definition
| an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses |
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Term
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Definition
| rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution |
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Term
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Definition
| later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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Term
| community-based corrections |
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Definition
| correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls |
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