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Definition
| when two organisms live together |
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| if an interaction is beneficial to both ex. termites and protozoa; tube worms and chemolithotrophic bacteria |
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| if the interaction is positive for one and negative for another. |
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Definition
| some bacteria prey upon other bacteria |
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Definition
| consists of living microbes living in or on the human body. Some may help to prevent infection by pathogens |
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| the largest population of microbiota |
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Definition
| a microbe that causes disease |
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| only cause disease in individuals with a weakened immune system |
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| sources of infectious disease |
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Definition
| by air, direct contact, contaminated objects, or by vectors |
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| biting anthropods such as mosquitoes |
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Definition
| the degree of harm caused by the pathogen. some factors that enhance virulence are substances that promote adherence and invasion of microbe in the body |
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Definition
| potent protein poisons. Some have an AB structurein which the B subunit binds to the cell, and the A subunit is the toxin. They include neurotoxins, enterotoxins and cytotoxin |
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Term
| Leukocidins and hemolysns |
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Definition
| exotoxins that cause damage to the cell membranes of white blood cells and red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| lipopolysaccharides and related substances that are weakly toxic in the body |
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Definition
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| innate immunity. physical and chemical barriers. ex. intact skin and lysozyme, stomach acid |
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Term
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Definition
| complements the activity of antibodies in providing defense against infection. consists of a series of proteins in the blood plasma that becomes activated by three different |
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Definition
| pathway of the complement system that is activated by the formation of antibody-antigen complexes |
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Definition
| activated by a series of proteolytic events in which small proteins are gnereated that can function as opsonins or chemokines |
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Definition
| coat serfaces that enhance phagocytosis |
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Definition
| chemicals that recruit phagocytic cells to sites of infection |
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Definition
| results in the formation of the membrane attack complex (a hole in the plasma membrane of a target) |
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Definition
| small proteins produced by leukocites that have important functions in the immune response |
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| colony stimulating factors |
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Definition
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Definition
| induces programmed cell death |
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Definition
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Term
| all cells in the blood (red, platelets and white) |
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Definition
| differentiate from stem cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| include granulocytes that have cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (macrophages) and lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, and NK cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because their nuclei have unusual shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytic cells and they are most abundant WBC in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| are also phagocytic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytic cells in tissues |
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Definition
| produce antibodies; immunoglobulins |
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Definition
| Th cells that provide help to B cells or macrophages and Tc cells that are cytotoxic |
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Definition
| natural killer cells that can kill some cancer cells and virally infected cells |
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Definition
| drains into lymph nodes where phagocytic cells can present antigens to T helper cells; they also contain B cells. The spleen filters blood in a similar way |
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Definition
| engulf foreign matter and bring it into the cells in an endosome (phagosome) that fuses with lysosomes thereby exposing the foreign matter to lytic enzymes and low pH that promotes hydrolysis of macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs upon infection due to the release of vasoactive amines and cytokines in sites of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| natural versus artificial, active versus passive |
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Term
| major histocompatabillity gene (MHC I) |
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Definition
| found on all nucleated cells in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| found only on antigen-presenting cells (macrophage, dendritic, and B cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| CD 8+, recognize antigen peptides bound to MHC 1 |
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Definition
| (CD 4+) recognize antigenic peptids bound to MHC II |
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Term
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Definition
| process external antigens by phagocytosis and proteolysis; all other cells process internal antigens by proteolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| have T cell receptors that bind to MCH-peptide complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| epitopes; small regions of antigens usually consisting of 4-6 amino acids |
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Definition
| immunoglobulins. (Ig) These proteins bind to antigens with very high specificity. |
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| 5 classes of antibodies are |
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Definition
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| fights infections by worms and protozoa |
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Definition
| most abundant Ig in blood plasma; crosses placenta to provide immunity to fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| first Ig made against antigens; pentameric |
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Term
| each antibody molecule consists of |
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Definition
| two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. has two identical binding sites for antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| many make one and only one antibody; makes an antibody that can bind to a foreign antigen in the body at a given time will be stimulated to divide (clonal selection) and many B cells will be made to produce lots of antibody. |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiated B cells that produce antibody |
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Definition
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| memory B cells and memory T cells |
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Definition
| responsible for long-term immunity |
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Term
| neutralization of toxins viruses |
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Definition
| occur due to the binding of antibodies to them |
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Term
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Definition
| takes about 10 days to commence. IgM ->IgG. Immunoglobulin genes rearrange to yield the functional genes for both heavy chains and light chains. The specific gene segments that recombine, the junctional diversity in recombination, and subsequent mutations in these genes all contribute to the enormous diversity of antibodies |
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Term
| Acts as the B cell receptor for the antigen |
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Definition
| B cells have surface immunoglobulin (IgM and IgD) |
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Definition
| antibodies can change from one class to another by a secondary gene rearrangement |
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Definition
| unique immunoglobulins made by the fusion of a B cell and a myeloma (cancer) cell |
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Definition
| a large complex of many antibodies and antigens that precipitates out of solution |
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Definition
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Definition
| clumping cells that can be promoted by the binding of antibodies to cell-surface antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| aberrant immune responses that are classified into four types |
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Term
| Type I hypersensitivities |
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Definition
| include allergies and are mediated by IgE binding to granulocytes and causing release of vasoactive amines. Such anaphylaxis can be either local or systemic (potentially fatal) |
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Term
| Type II hypersensitivities |
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Definition
| cytotoxic. Include blood transfusion incomatability and hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh incompatability between mother and fetus) |
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Term
| Type II hypersensitivities |
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Definition
| immunce complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| Type IV hypersensitivities |
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Definition
| delayed-type reactions (2-4 days) and they include reactions to poison oak and tuberculin antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic problems with the immune system that are characterized by type II or type III hypersensitivities |
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