Term
| Bergman’s Rule & Allen's Rule |
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Definition
states that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature
States that in warmer climates, the limbs of the body are longer relative to the body to dissipate heat |
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Term
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Definition
first stone tools; hard rock strikes off flakes to make sharp small rock
2.6 mya |
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Term
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Definition
| Africa, Asia, Indonesia, east E2urope |
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Term
| 2.5- 2.6 Million Years ago |
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Definition
cooling and drying in the enivroment
more grasslands, less forests |
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Term
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Definition
The split into 2 different types of primates
A. robustus- and Early Homo. |
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Term
A. robustus was able to survive by what?
Early Homo was able to survive how? |
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Definition
A. rubustus- big teeth, largerr jaw muscles- able to eat more in the environment
Early Homo- able to survive with intelligence- used tools to obtain food. |
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Term
Robust Australopitecines
"Black Skull" - KNM-WT 1700- 2.5 mya
shows both primitive and derived characteristics |
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Definition
Primitive- small brain, large incisors/ canines, shallow palate
Derived- Sagittal Crest, larger Pre Molars and Molars, Broad- Dished face |
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Term
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Definition
Robustus: S. Africa
Boisei: E. Africa
2.3 mya,
smaller front teeth to make room to allow bigger molars.
Only distinguished by locations they are found |
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Term
A. robustus & A. boisei
Post- orbital constriction |
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Definition
| pinced areas behind eyes to allow bigger chewing muscles, 500-550 cc brain size. |
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Term
A. robustus & A. boisei
Premolars |
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Definition
| become molars to be able to chew food |
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Term
| Homo Habolis- "Handy Man" |
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Definition
smaller more delicate face
not post orbital constriction
smaller teeth
increase brain size- 65o average
used to characterize the smaller fossils found |
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Term
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Definition
| Look exactly the same as habolis, but characterized by the bigger fossils found. |
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Term
| 1.8 Mya- Dmanisi, Georgia-1990 found 5 bodies and animals bones, what does this mean? |
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Definition
| showed that humans migrated & butchered animals, |
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Term
| How are the bodies found at the Dmanisi, Georgia characterized? |
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Definition
Brain size- 700cc
5ft tall
less ape like and had Oldowan tools |
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Term
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Definition
Joined Dutch Army, to hunt for fossils
He was a humanities professor in Amsterdam.
went to Java a in 1892
1892 found femer |
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Term
| Why was Eugine Dubois so important? |
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Definition
| Very first person to go out and search for fossils of past humans. |
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Term
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Definition
Ape-man that walks upright
renamed Homo erectus |
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Term
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Definition
800-1200cc
modern body size and body proportions
1.8- 27,000 years ago.
very thick skull |
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Term
| Cranial Buttressing system |
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Definition
superobital torus- bar of bone
Sagittal keel
nuchal tori- nuchal bone
angular torus- by ear |
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Term
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Definition
| never involves muscle attachment |
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Term
| Cortical bone is what compared with modern humans. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1.5 mya
950cc
teen aged Homo erectus
9-14 years old,
5ft 9in |
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Term
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Definition
| group of H. erectus chased an animal in the middle of the day until their prey collapsed then they killed it. |
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Term
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Definition
persistence hunting
drive animals in to mud then cut off half of body and take with them |
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Term
| Eating meat was the direct link to what about H. erectus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neandertals discovered by who? |
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Definition
Marcellin Boule- 1856- La Chapple
Said Neandertals we dumb creatures |
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Term
| Neandertals were found in? |
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Definition
| Europe, Asia, and middle East |
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Term
| Neandertals Skull Features |
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Definition
large brain size than humans
long and low skull
Big Brow ridges
Mid-facial Projection
Huge noses
large incisors
Occipital Bun |
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Term
| What is Mid- face projection |
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Definition
| cheeks and nose project forward |
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Term
| Large incisors on the Neandertals explains what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Found on Neandertals it is a projection of bone on rear of skull |
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Term
| Neandertals body characteristics |
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Definition
short distal limbs- elbow down, knee down
barrel chested bodies |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Neandertals body |
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Definition
to stay warm in cold environments
Also had big noses and huge sinus to bring in hotter air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Levallois prepared core technique |
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Term
| What was the Levallois prepared core technique? |
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Definition
| take a core rock, chip it to make a tool, then take core and keep chipping it to make more and more tools from the same core. |
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Term
| What was the swiss army knife of the stone age |
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Definition
| Levallois prepared core technique |
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Term
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Definition
Early hominids had a mental image of how they wanted to make the tools
Requires higher level of intelligence and skill. |
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Term
| Neandertals Burial of their dead. |
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Definition
intentional caring and morning
Shanidar, Iraq- body found with flowers around body |
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Term
| Neandertals caring for the sick and wounded |
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Definition
| Found evidence of a skeleton with a skull fracture that healed and a skeleton with an amputated arm that was healed up. |
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Term
Modern Human Theory
Replacement Theory |
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Definition
Also called "Out of Africa or Eve" Hypothesis
moderns humans evolved 1 time in Africa as a brand new species
They then spread out all over Africa, Europe and Asia and replaced the Neandertals and H. eructus.
parallel evolution explain how their are certain characteristics of H. erectus that are in modern Humans
Evidence- Tools from archaeological record changed immediately |
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Term
Modern Human Theory
Mitochondrial DNA Evidence |
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Definition
Compared Neanderthal, Human and Chimp DNA, to find out the differences in the two
8 differences between Human and Human
54 differences between Human and Chimp
27 differences between Human and Neandertals
This concluded that they were too different to interbreed |
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Term
Modern Human Theory
Multiregional Theory |
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Definition
Every Species were ancestors to Modern Humans
Gene flow in old species to new show occipital bun, and shovel incisors |
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Term
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Definition
| cite in Europe that show a transition in tools from mouseterian to upper paleolithic |
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Term
Modern Homo sapiens
evidence of them |
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Definition
Oldest evidence of Human - 200,000
Best evidence - 160,000 found in Herto, Europe
Found also 110,000 - Skhul and Qafech, Isreal
All used mousterian tools
by 40,000 years ago we were located everwhere. |
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Term
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Definition
Reduction in robusticity
thinner skull and cortical bone
lose brow ridges and other cranial super structures.
Huge domed skull and chin- wisdom teeth |
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Term
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Definition
Blade based (twice as long as is wide.)
Used bone and antler
eyed needle (used for clothe making.)
Rope- catch animals- explain why humans are weaker
Atl-Atl- handle used to throw a spear |
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Term
| Ceramics and cave art used |
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Definition
27,000
Venus figurine, large hips and large chest,
object of worship,
Cave art found of detail drawings |
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Term
| Anagenisis and Chronospecies |
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Definition
slow evolutionary change From Archaic to modern humans
gradual change from one species to another |
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Term
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Definition
Found in 2003
3 ft. tall- 380 cc
hunted pygmy elephants
800,000 - 15,000 years ago |
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