Term
| small pox and polio are caused from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Possibly the first written record of a viral infection was in1400 BC. It was found in a Temple Priest named _________ and he shows signs of Paralytic Poliomyelitis |
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Definition
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Term
What viral disease do we think Pharaoh Ramses V died from?
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Definition
| He died in 1196 BC is believed to have succumbed to small pox. Pustular leagions were found on the face and body of the mummy. |
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Term
| What do we call viruses that can infect bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who discovered bacteriophages? |
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Definition
| Fredrick Twort and Feliz d'Herelle |
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Term
| What does the word virus mean? |
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Definition
| Virus is the latin word for poison |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of a virus |
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Definition
Living characteristics of viruses
a. They reproduce at a fantastic rate, but only in living host cells.
b. They can mutate.
2. Nonliving characteristics of viruses
a. They are acellular, that is, they contain no cytoplasm or cellular organelles.
b. They carry out no metabolism on their own and must replicate using the host cell's metabolic machinery. In other words, viruses don't grow and divide. Instead, new viral components are synthesized and assembled within the infected host cell.
c. TThe vast majority of viruses possess either DNA or RNA but not both
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Term
| who worked on the panama canal episode? |
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Definition
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Term
What viral disease is associated with Walter Reed?
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Definition
| Yellow fever that was spread by mosquitoes |
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Term
| How did the number of deaths from combat compare to the number of deaths from disease during early wars |
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Definition
| mor people dies from diseases than actual combat |
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Term
| What is another name for Yellow Fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
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Term
| What are attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
A virulent organism that has been modified to produce a less virulent form, but nevertheless retains the ability to elicit antibodies against the virulent form
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Term
| What nucleic acids are present in a virus? |
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Definition
| some viruses use RNA as their genetic material and others use DNA but never do they contain both |
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Term
What composes the envelope on a virus?
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Definition
| composed of lipids, proteins and carbs |
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Term
| Where can we find viruses |
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Definition
| viruses are everywhere, they attack perhaps every form of cellular life on this planet |
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Term
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Definition
| yes, they can crystallize like inorganic salts and protein molecules |
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Term
Even within a host viruses can attach to and invade only those cells with the _______.
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Definition
| appropriate receptor sites |
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Term
Explain the phases of the life cycle of a virus in order.
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Definition
| 1. Absorption 2.Entry/Penetration 3. Biosynthesis 4. Assembly/Maturation 5. Release |
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Term
How long does the virus life cycle take?
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Definition
| from infection to lysis takes 20-40 minutes to produce 50-200 new viruses |
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Term
Which viral stage is dormant?
Which is active?
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Definition
dormant: Viron stage
active: infectious stage |
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Term
| What are other names for the lysogenic pathway? |
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Definition
| also known as temperate or LATENT |
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Term
| an infectious agent that is composed primarily of protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Name diseases caused by prions |
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Definition
Scrapies (sheep)
Mad Cow Disease (cows)
Kuru (fore tribe in new guiena)
Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (humans)
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Term
| What nucleic acid is present in a prion? |
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Definition
| no nucleic acid, all protein |
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Term
What are the symptoms of scrapi?
What animal is involved? |
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Definition
it affects sheep
symptoms: intense itching, scrap off wool |
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Term
| does heating meat kill prions? |
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Definition
| no, if infected all animals in that place has to die including the ones around it |
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Term
What does BSE stand for?
What animal is involved?
What are the symptoms |
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Definition
Mad Cow Disease
cows
1. the first symptoms are the the cow has a change in attitide and then cant perform certain tasks such as walking then lose appetite and cannot produce milk. |
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Term
•Presented a paper to the St. Petersburg Academy of Science
•Showed that extracts from diseased tobacco plants could transmit disease to other plants after passage through ceramic filters. |
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Definition
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Term
Animal viruses were soon discovered via the isolation of the virus responsible for a disease of cattle, foot and mouth disease, in 1898. |
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Definition
FreidrichLoeffler and
Paul Frosch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The discovery of the first human virus (poliomyelitis) followed in 1900 with the isolation of the yellow fever virus |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the easiest viruses to grow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the case fatality rate for prion diseases? |
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Definition
|
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Term
What is a viroid?
What organisms do viroids infect |
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Definition
composed of naked RNA that are only 300-400 nucleotides long
they affect plants only |
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Term
What are virusoids?
What do virusoids infect? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Influenza, polio, measles, chickenpox, common cold, herpes |
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Term
| Name some oncongenic viruses. |
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Definition
| human leukemia, lymphoma, epstein barr disease, hodgkins and kaposi sarcoma |
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Term
| Name some diseases caused by viruses that have no vaccine. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two ways of controlling microbial growth?
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Definition
| physical and chemical methods |
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Term
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Definition
| heating up, filtration, low temperatures, desiccation, osmotic pressure and radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| disinfectants, antiseptics |
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Term
Regarding level of resistance, what is the most difficult thing to destroy?
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the easiest microorgamism to destroy? |
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Definition
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Term
| the control of microbial growth can prevent infections and food spoilage |
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Definition
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Term
| process of destroying all microbial life on an object |
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Definition
| sterilization (complete distructing) |
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Term
| heat treatment of canned foods to destroy botilinum endospores |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of reducing or inhibiting microbial gorwth on a NONliving surface |
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Definition
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Term
| process of reducing or inhibiting microorganisms on LIVING tisses |
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Definition
antisepsis
example: hydrogen peroxide on tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
degerming
ex. before surgery |
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Term
| means to subject to high temperatues washing |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
--cide
ex. insectiCIDE - to kill insects |
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Term
| suffix ___ means to inhibit |
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Definition
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|
Term
| bacterial contamination... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lack of bacterial contamination |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| HEPA filters are used in.. |
|
Definition
fume hoods
burn units
operating rooms |
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Term
| disrupts microbial metabolism, buy extracting water |
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Definition
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Term
| lowest temperature at which all the bacteria in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 minutes |
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Definition
| (TDP) theraml death point |
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Term
| the length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| length of time in which 90% of a bacterial population will be killed at a given temp |
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Definition
| (DRT) decimal reduction time |
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Term
| high temps are used for a short time to destroy pathogens without altering the flavor of the food |
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Definition
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Term
| The time to kill is proportion to the________. |
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Definition
| to the number of microbes |
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Term
| At what rate to bacteria die? |
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Definition
| death rate as a straight line (constant rate) |
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Term
| Why does organic matter interfere with our disinfecting and antiseptic techniques? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
How long do I need to boil something?
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Definition
| 10 minutes but if you want to be safe, 30 minutes |
|
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Term
| when Autoclaving. How long? At what temperature? At what pressure |
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Definition
15 minutes,
at 121 degrees C
at 15lbs per square inch |
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Term
Who discovered Pasteurization?
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Definition
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|
Term
What things do we pasteurize?
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is pasteurization sterilization? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Why might ultra high heat sterilization be preferred over pasteurization? |
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Definition
| because it is just a higher temperature but is done more quickly |
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Term
When do we use filtration?
|
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Definition
| when we are trying to filter things that are in the air |
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Term
| How are low temperatures beneficial? |
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Definition
| it prevents them from growing, does not kill, decreases chemical activites of the microorganisms |
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Term
Give examples of desiccation.
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Definition
| freeze-drying or dehydrating |
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|
Term
Does desiccation affect viruses and endospores?
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Definition
| Viruses and endospores CAN resist desiccation |
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Term
| Even after salt/sugar curing meat we may still get some growth of _______. |
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Definition
molds and yeasts more than bacteria.
Plasmolisis |
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Term
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Definition
| normally destroys DNA or damages it |
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Term
| What is radiation efficiency dependent on? |
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Definition
| wavelength, intensity and duration |
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|
Term
What is the most lethal type of radiation?
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unfortunately ultraviolet radiation does not _______. |
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Definition
| penetrate glass, plastic, or water very well |
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Term
| Give examples of ionizing radiation |
|
Definition
gamma rays
x-rays
high energy electron beams |
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|
Term
Why do we use gamma radiation?
|
|
Definition
| it ecerts its effect primarily by ionizing water and forming highly reactive hydroxyl radicals |
|
|
Term
| How well does ionizing radiation penetrate? |
|
Definition
| high degree of pentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| kill microbes indirectly as material get hot |
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Term
used in lysol
last a long time
good for bloody and body fluid clean up
can be harmful to house animals |
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Definition
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Term
damages plasma membranes in vvegetative cells
can also danage eyes when splashed
used before surgical procedures |
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Definition
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Term
ex. iodine and chlorine
do not mix with other cleaners
kills germs by forminf an acid when added to water |
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Definition
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|
Term
exert action by denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids
aqueous ethanol and isopropanol are used as wet disinfectants |
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Definition
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|
Term
often used for burn treatment
they denature proteins
ex. silver, mercury, copper |
|
Definition
| heavy metals and their compounds |
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|
Term
decrease the tention between molecules that lie on the surface of a liquid
ex. soaps and detergents
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Definition
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|
Term
mouthwash and sore throat remedies
disrupt plasma membranes and allow cytoplasmic constituents to leak out of cell
cationic detergents attached to ammonium NH+4 |
|
Definition
| quaternary ammonium compounds |
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|
Term
ex. sorbic acid, benzoic acid, propionic acid
inhibit fungal matabolism and are used as food preseratives
|
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Definition
| chemical food preservatives |
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|
Term
extremely affective
AKA carcinogens
exert their effect by oxidizing molecules inside cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
nisin and natamycin are used to preserve foods, especially cheese
this resistance is becoming a big problem |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenol and Phenolics are another name for what.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenols and Phenolics exert influence by _____. |
|
Definition
injuring plasma membrane
inactivating enzymes
denaturing protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iodine combines with amino acids to inactivate enzymes |
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|
Term
When do we use heavy metals?
|
|
Definition
| often used for burn treatment and prevent neonatal gonorrheal opthalmia |
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|
Term
What are QUATS most effective on?
|
|
Definition
| most affective againt gram-postitve bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are the viruses that are antibiotice resistant
Staph aureus
enterococcus
mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Barbarossa put human corpses in his enemy’s water supply, successfully contaminating it |
|
Definition
| Battle of Tortona, Italy 1155 |
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|
Term
•Czech Republic – Bodies of plague-stricken soldiers plus 2000 cartloads of excrement are hurled into the ranks of enemy troops causing deadly fevers to quickly break out. |
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Definition
| Battle of Carolstein 1422 |
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Term
•The Spanish supplied their French enemies with wine laced with leprosy patients’ blood. |
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Definition
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Term
•Improved his chances of victory by presenting to the natives, as gifts, clothing laden with the smallpox virus. |
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Definition
| Pizarro’s Conquest of South America 15th Century |
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Term
•French and Indian War (Indians greatly outnumbered the British and were suspected of being on the side of the French)
• Commander of British Forces, directs that small-pox bearing blankets be given to Indians in the Ohio River Valley.
•Smallpox decimated the Indians |
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Definition
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|
Term
•The Austrian fortress at Mantua was of vital strategic importance to both sides during the 1796-1797 campaigns in Northern Italy.
•attempted to force the surrender of Mantua by infecting the citizens with Swamp Fever. |
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Definition
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Term
•W.T. Sherman’s memoirs contain accounts of invading forces often slaughtering animals and dumped the rotting carcasses on water wells as they passed through enemy territory.
•They obtained the idea from the Romans, who used dead animals to foul the water supply of their enemies. |
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Definition
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Term
W.T. Sherman’s memoirs contain accounts of invading forces often slaughtering animals and dumped the rotting carcasses on water wells as they passed through enemy territory.
•They obtained the idea from the Romans, who used dead animals to foul the water supply of their enemies. |
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Definition
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Term
| During the American Civil War, who would later become Kentucky’s governor, tried to infect Union troops by providing them with clothing exposed to smallpox and yellow fever |
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Definition
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Term
•Anthrax is used to infect food animals and Glanders to infect horses used by the Calvary. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Attempted to spread
•Cholera in Italy
•Plague in St. Petersburg
•Biological Bombs over Britain |
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Definition
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Term
•, grows cultures of Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Pseudomonas mallei (glanders), supplied by the German government, in his Washington D.C. home.
•The agents and an inoculation device are given to sympathetic dockworkers in Baltimore to infect 3000 head of horses, mules, and cattle destined for the Allied troops in Europe |
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Definition
| German-American, Dr. Anton Dilger 1915 |
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Term
Silent Enemy” took greater toll of lives than bullets
• Initiated preventive measures (creosote pills)
• Initiated elaborate sanitation methods (water testing)
• Initiated medical advances (field laboratories)
• Initially lost 3-4 men to disease vs 1 to bullets
• After new measures lost 1.2 disease vs 1.5 bullets
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|
Definition
| Japan Studies the Impact of Disease During War Time |
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|
Term
“If we can stop the effects of disease from killing our own troops, why can’t we harness disease to kill our enemies.” |
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Definition
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Term
•When the prisoners managed to escape and tell the story to some local residents, the Japanese army decided to build a new facility. This much bigger and more secure death laboratory was constructed here, some 20 km South of Harbin.
•The key purpose of this was the development of biological weapons. |
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Definition
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Term
, an assault team of seventeen officers from Unit 731 sailed for Saipan Island, in the Pacific Ocean, in an attempt to deny U.S. forces access to the airstrip by planting porcelain bombs containing millions of plague-infected fleas. The ship was torpedoed by a U.S. submarine before it reached its target. |
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Definition
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