Term
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Definition
| Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long: the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness |
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Term
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Definition
| An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active or paradoxical sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages, also called quit sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness |
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Term
| Hypnagogic Hallucinations |
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Definition
| Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Single but large-highvoltage spike of brain activity that characterized stage 2 NREM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity |
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Term
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Definition
| Vague, bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; sleep mentation |
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Term
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Definition
| An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real life events |
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Term
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Definition
| A vivd and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Model |
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Definition
| Theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disorders involving disruptions in amount, quality, or timing of sleep, includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions, includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep sex |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness also called orexins |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of episode the next morning that typically occurs during stage 3 or 4 of NREM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or 4 of NREM sleep |
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Term
| Sleep-Related Eating Disorder |
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Definition
| Disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk and eat compulsively |
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Term
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder |
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Definition
| Disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep, resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story |
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Term
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Definition
| A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion |
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Term
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Definition
| The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion |
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Term
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Definition
| The splitting on consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity |
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Term
| Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis |
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Definition
| Theory proposed by Ernest Higlard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of |
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Term
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Definition
| Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent |
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Term
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Definition
| Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning, or in legal or psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressants that relieve anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulant found in coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, and medications |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulant found in tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulants that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulant derived from coca tree |
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Term
| Stimulant-Induced Psychosis |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychedelic drug that is derived from the peyote cactus |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic psychedelic drug |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation - PCP and Ketamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia treatment involving specific guidelines to create a strict association between the bedroom and rapid sleep onset |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other similar stimuli |
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Term
| Higher Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new trial |
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Term
| Extinction (in Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| Gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. Occurs when conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the scientific study of observable behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| An individuals psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug |
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Term
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Definition
| A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food |
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Term
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Definition
| In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning principle from Thorndike - responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Skinner's term for an actively emitted behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other necessities |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts or decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated |
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Term
| Punishment by Application - Positive Punishment |
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Definition
| A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus |
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Term
| Punishment by Removal - Negative Punishment |
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Definition
| A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not likely to be reinforced |
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Term
| Operant Chamber or Skinner Box |
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Definition
| The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed |
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Term
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is followed by a reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer |
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Term
| Extinction (in Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. Occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement |
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Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Delivery of a reinforcer according to a present pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses |
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Term
| Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred |
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Term
| Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial |
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Term
| Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed |
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Term
| Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman's term for leaning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it |
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Term
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Definition
| A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk |
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Term
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Definition
| The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events |
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Term
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Definition
| Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names |
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Term
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Definition
| Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-decalarative memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| A model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of accessing stored information |
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Term
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Definition
| A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate of missing retrieval cues |
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Term
| Tip-of-the-Tongue Experience |
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Definition
| A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it |
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Term
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Definition
| A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall |
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Term
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Definition
| A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue |
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Term
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Definition
| A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information |
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Term
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Definition
| An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood |
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Term
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Definition
| The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event, details may or may not be accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall information that was previously available |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experienced before |
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Term
| Source Memory or Source Monitoring |
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Definition
| Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired |
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering to do something in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference |
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Term
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Definition
| Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information |
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Term
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Definition
| Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten |
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Term
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Definition
| A distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized cluster of information about a particular topic |
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Term
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Definition
| A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory |
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Term
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Definition
| A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward-acting amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward-acting amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or a condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressing disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| The manipulation of mental representations of informations in order to draw inferences and conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experience |
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Term
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Definition
| The most typical instance of a particular concept |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals instances of a concept or category, held in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudden realization of how a problem can be solved |
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Term
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Definition
| Coming to a conclusion or making a judgement without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how readily available other instances of the event are in memory |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the prototype of the event |
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Term
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Definition
| A system or combing arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements |
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Term
| Linguistic Relativity Hypothese |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers |
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Term
| Animal Cognition or Comparative Cognition |
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Definition
| The study of animal learning, memory, thinking, and language |
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Term
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Definition
| The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group |
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Term
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| A measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individual's score with the scores of others in the same age group |
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Term
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Definition
| A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular area |
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Term
|
Definition
| A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training |
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Term
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Definition
| The administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms |
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Term
| Normal Curve or Normal Distribution |
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Definition
| A bell-shaped distribution of individual differences in a normal population in which most scores cluster around the average score |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a test to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a test to measure what is intended to measure |
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Term
| G Factor or General Intelligence |
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Definition
| The notion of a general intelligence factor that is responsible for a person's overall performance on tests of mental ability |
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Term
| Triarchic Theory of Intelligence |
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Definition
| Robert Sternberg's theory that there are three distinct forms or intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral syndrome associated with differences in brain functioning and sensory responses, and characterized by impaired social interaction, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication skills, repetitive or odd motor behaviors, and highly restricted interests and routines |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavioral syndrome characterized by varying degrees of difficulty in social and conversational skills but normal-to-above-average intelligence and language development; often accompanied by obsessive preoccupation with particular topics or routines |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disorder characterized by intellectual function that is significantly below average, usually defined as a measured IQ of 70 or below, and that is caused by brain injury, disease, or a genetic disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological predicament in which fear that you will be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong creates anxiety and self-doubt, lowering performance in a particular domain that is important to you |
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Term
|
Definition
| A group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions to problems |
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