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Test 2 Neurophysiology
Memory and Sleep
73
Physiology
Graduate
10/31/2014

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Term
What type of memory has a conscious component?
Definition
declarative
Term
what type of memory includes facts and events
Definition
declarative
Term
What kind of memory is "knowing how"
Definition
implicit memory
Term
what type of memory is "knowing what"
Definition
declarative memory
Term
what is prosopagnosia? What part of the brain is damaged from this?
Definition
Inability to recognize/associate faces. It is located on only one hemisphere. Defect in implicit memory. Found in fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe and occipital lobe in Brodmann area 37.
Term
what is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?
Definition
Aneterograde amnesia is loss of new memories from point of injury/insult. While retrograde amnesia is loss of old memories.
Term
what is the process called where memory is stored in different parts of the brain other than its initial site of its encoding?
Definition
consolidation.
Term
what is priming?
Definition
it is a form of non declarative memory associated with the prefrontal cortex. perceptual identification of words and objects. It refers to activating particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out an action or task.
Term
This neurotransmitter system only has neocortex axons that terminate in the frontal cortex
Definition
dopamine system from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain.
Term
This neurotransmitter system is the only one that does that have axons that terminate in the thalamus
Definition
dopamine system from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain.
Term
The cerebellum only has these neurotransmitter systems connected to it
Definition
1. Norepinephrine
2. Serotonin
3. Histamine
Term
The only NT system that supplies the basal ganglia
Definition
serotonin system from the raphe nuclei
Term
The only two NT systems that supply the striatum
Definition
1. Histamine
2. Dopamine
Term
What NT systems terminate in the spinal cord areas
Definition
1. Norephinephrine 2. Serotonin (pain modulation) 3. Histamine.
Term
The more rostral part of the RAS is responsible for ?
Definition
modulation
Term
The more caudal part of the RAS is responsible for?
Definition
premotor functions
Term
What are the modulatory functions of the RAS
Definition
1. modulates pain system
2. modulates forebrain and limbic system
3. conscious states
Term
What is Hebb's postulate?
Definition
Hebbian Learning: Connections between neurons increase in efficacy in proportion to the degree of correlation between pre- and post-synaptic activity.Hebb theorized that memory results from synaptic alterations. He believed there was an underlying metabolic growth and change which takes place from interactions between neurons. Two neurons could strengthen their interaction.
Term
EEG monitors what kind of frequency in the brain?
Definition
low frequency
Term
What kind of post synaptic potential does an EEG pick up?
Definition
EPSP and IPSP
Term
What is a disadvantage using EEG as a diagnostic tool?
Definition
Poor spatial resolution
Term
How many more inhibitory synapses are on dendrites than excitatory?
Definition
10x more
Term
How long does an EPSP last? How long does an AP last?
Definition
EPSP can last from 10 msec to 1 second. While an AP lasts 1msec.
Term
Does an AP or EPSP have greater magnitude
Definition
EPSP. B/c multiple EPSP can be summed.
Term
What contributes to EPSP?
Definition
OScillations
Term
Whats the difference between irregular and synchronized EEG strips?
Definition
Synchronized EEGs means that neurons are firing simultaneously and as a result each individual EPSP will overlap and their totals will be summed to form one large identifiable EEG waveform on our monitor. Versus irregular neurons not firing in synch will have smaller amplitudes because they cancel each other out so that the sum has no uniformed wave forms because the sum is canceled out do to a lack of synchrony.
Term
What do you need to know about stage 2 sleep
Definition
its where muscle spindles and k complexes occur. Typically 12-14 Hz.
Term
What is the Hz for alpha waves
Definition
8-12 Hz
Term
What are the Hz for beta waves
Definition
14-30 Hz
Term
What are the Hz for theta waves
Definition
4-8 Hz
Term
What are the hertz for Delta Waves
Definition
0.5-4 Hz
Term
what waves do you experience during REM sleep?
Definition
beta waves of 14-30 Hz
Term
Which stage of sleep has more to do with declarative things
Definition
stage 4
Term
which stage of sleep has more to do with being emotional or bizarre
Definition
REM
Term
Which dreams do you typically remember the most?
Definition
REM. These are the ones you have right before you wake up
Term
Which dreams are long and drawn out, fits with old memories
Definition
Stage 4
Term
What cellular mechanisms change during REM? What nculei are active and which are not active?
Definition
Only active are cholinergic nuclei

Inactive
1. Locus coeruleus (NE)
2. Raphe Nuclei (Serotonin)
Term
What cellular mechanisms have decrease activity during Stage 1-4 sleep?
Definition
1. Cholinergic
2. locus Coeruleus
3. Raphe Nuclei (Serotonin).
Term
What cortical regions are activated during REM sleep? What areas are inactivated during REM sleep?
Definition
Activated:
1. Anterior cingulate cortex
2. Amygdala
3. Parahippocampal gyrus

Inactivated:
1. Posterior Cingulate Cortex
2. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (Planning).
Term
The limbic lobe is involved in
Definition
The limbic lobe is involved in memory and learning, drive related behavior, and emotional function.
Term
The limbic lobe is not a true lobe and is comprised of several cortical regions such as
Definition
The limbic lobe is not a true lobe and is comprised of several cortical regions such as the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, some subcortical areas like the hippocampus, amygdala, septum, and other areas with their respective ascending and descending connections
Term
What is the corpus callosum
Definition
The corpus callosum is a collection of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres.
Term
The red nucleus and the substantia nigra, two prominent nuclei, are also found in the
Definition
midbrain
Term
The midbrain tectum is formed by two pairs of rounded structures known as? They are involved in?
Definition
The midbrain tectum is formed by two pairs of rounded structures: the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior and inferior colliculi are involved in visual and auditory functions respectively.
Term
what is the general change in amplitude and frequency between awake state and stage 4 sleep? why?
Definition
As you fall deeper in sleep your frequency decreases and your amplitude increases due to the effect of synchronized neurons firing simultaneously and this results in a sum effect which has higher amplitudes.
Term
Heart rate, temp and blood pressure is at its lowest during what stage of sleep?
Definition
Stage 4
Term
Lowest amount of neuronal activity is at what stage?
Definition
Stage 4
Term
explain difference in cholinergic activity and sleep/wake cycles
Definition
More cholinergic activity during awake and REM sleep while less during nonREM sleep.
Term
aminergic activity is at its greatest during what part of awake/sleep cycle?
Definition
During AWAKE!! less aminergic activity during sleep and during REM.
Term
What is the role of the locus coeruleus
Definition
The nuclei of the locus coeruleus are located in the dorsal part of the pons, and their noradrenergic (NE) projections influence brain structures such as the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the cortex. The locus coeruleus is at its most active when an individual is awake and active. It is less active during calm wakefulness, even less active during non-REM sleep, and completely quiescent during REM sleep.
Term
what stage of sleep is most common for sleep walkers?
Definition
delta sleep
Term
When are alpha waves present?
Definition
present when you are awake with your eyes closed and are at a state of relaxation.
Term
When are beta waves present in awake patient?
Definition
In an awake person they are present in individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort.
Term
Can we see Gamma waves on an EEG
Definition
not often because GAMMA waves are such high frequency they don't easily penetrate the brain skull or tissue.
Term
What are gamma waves important for?
Definition
Perception
Term
what happens to delta sleep as your progress through the night?
Definition
delta sleep decreases in duration until there is no delta sleep at all on your last cycle.
Term
what is the difference in the amount of delta sleep and REM sleep?
Definition
As you progress in your sleep cycles the amount of REM sleep increases while the amount of Delta sleep decreases
Term
with slower dominant frequency the responsiveness to stimuli increases or decreases
Definition
decreases
Term
Give three examples of intrinsic oscillation mechanisms in the body/brain
Definition
1. SA node
2. Hypothalamus
3. Brain Stem
Term
Destruction of the mamillary bodies results in? What causes this?
Definition
desctruction of the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus results in profound memory loss. Often seen in alcoholics as a result of malnutrition and thiamine deficiency. Thats why alcoholics always have to write stuff down.
Term
Tuberomammillary nucleus is located in the? Releases?
Definition
posterior hypothalamus, releases histamine
Term
Axons from the tuberomammillary nucleus terminate ?
Definition
1. cortex
2. thalamus
3. basal ganglia
4. basal forebrain
5. hypothalamus
Term
How does VPLO and Orexin influence tuberomammillary nucleus?
Definition
Orexin stimulates tuberomammillary nucleus to release histamine. More histamine = more perception, memory and emotion.
VPLO inhibits the tuberomammillary nucleus . Results in sleep.
Term
Adenosine stimulates what to cause sleepiness
Definition
adenosine acts on the VPLO which then leads to inhibition of the tuberomammillary nucleus. Results in sleepiness.
Term
Name the one modulatory NT that is found outside of the RAS?
Definition
Orexin
Term
name four types of nondeclarative memory
Definition
1. priming
2. skills and habit
3. simple classical conditioning
4. Non associative learning
Term
name the two types of declarative learning
Definition
1. facts
2. events
Term
facts and events are stored where? 2x
Definition
medial temporal lobe and diencephalon
Term
where are skills and habits stored?
Definition
striatum
Term
where are emotions stored
Definition
amgydala
Term
where does priming occur?
Definition
neocortex
Term
where does skeletal muscle memory stored
Definition
cerebellum
Term
what are some examples of nonassociative learning? Where do they occur
Definition
two types of nonassociative learning are habituation and sensitizations. Occur in reflex pathways.
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