Term
| Antibodies are a type of ___ made up of ____ chains with an attached _____ to it. |
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Definition
| Ig are glycoproteins made up of 4 polypeptide chains with an attached carbohydrate |
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Term
| Antibodies are secreted by |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the membrane bound Ig located |
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Definition
| next to FcR but not with FcR |
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Term
| Ag receptors on B cell (BCR complex) are |
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Definition
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Term
| IgA,G,M, D, E signify what part of the immunoglobulin |
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Definition
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Term
| Heavy chains of immunoglobulins have a molecular weight > |
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Definition
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Term
| light chains that make up Ig have a molecular weight of |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two kinds of light chains in Ig |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kind of light chain in Ig is more common in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| production of antibodies is the main focus of what immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| immunoglobins can occur in what two forms |
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Definition
1. antibodies
2. membrane bound immunoglobins |
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Term
| the main structural unit of an immunoglobin is |
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Definition
| 2x heavy chains and 2x light chains |
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Term
| different kinds of antibodies are placed into different isotypes based on |
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Definition
| the type of heavy chains they have |
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Term
| the general structure of antibodies is very similar between various isotopes so what exactly give each antibody its variability |
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Definition
| At the tip of the antibody is a very specific configuration which is very different between all types of antibodies. This region is known as the hypervariable region. |
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Term
| The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites also known as what on the immunoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| How can the paratopes of an antibody continue to be diversitified? |
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Definition
| through random mututations or re-organization process called class switching |
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Term
| During class switching what changes to the structure of the antibody? What part of the original remains? |
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Definition
| the base of the heavy chain is switched with another which creates a different isotype of the antibody. But what remains the same is the antigen-specific variable region!!! |
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Term
| THE BCR of the B cell is composed of surface bound Ig___ or Ig___ antibodies and associated ___ and ___ heterodimers |
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Definition
IgD or IgM antibodies and IgAlpha and IgBeta heterodimers
IgD and IgM Are on the surface
IgAlpha and IgBeta Heterodimers are transmembrane |
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Term
| What part of the BCR is associated with signal transduction |
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Definition
| the heterodimers IgAlpha and IgBeta they are transmembrane proteins that stick into the cytosol |
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Term
| The antibody's ___ interacts with the antigen's epitope |
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Definition
| Antibody's paratope interacts with the antigen's epitope |
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Term
| Is binding between antibody and antigen reversible? |
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Definition
| YES. Binding affinity is relative due weak and non-specific interactions between the two. |
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Term
| what are the five isotypes of antibodies in mammals |
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Definition
1. IgA
2. IgD
3. IgE
4. IgG
5. IgM |
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Term
| The antibody (s) which has a monomer form |
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Definition
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Term
| The antiboy (s) with a dimer structure |
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Definition
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Term
| The antibody (s) with a petnamer structure |
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Definition
| 1. IgM (only when in secreted form, but on surface of B cells is in Monomer form) |
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Term
| Describe the development of B cells and whne they get antibodies and at what times |
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Definition
| First immature B cells are made they have IgM on their surface but they have not been matured/differentiated yet. Then they go to bone marrow to become mature and are called a naive B Lymphocyte. This naive B lymphocyte now can have IgM and IgD. As soon as this naive B cell meets an antigen, activation occurs. Resulting in differentiation into a plasma cell. |
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Term
| What happens at the point a naive cell meets an antigen and undergoes differentiation into a plasma cell? |
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Definition
| Two things happen at same time. B lymphocyte begins to produce antibodies which are in their SECRETED FORM, and daughter cells of the original are made which can undergo isotype switching. |
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Term
| If naive B cells only have IgM or IgD on their surface then when can the B cells produce IgE, IgA or IgG? |
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Definition
| Only after the B lymphocyte comes across a antigen and then they undergo differentiation. Through this process daughter cells are produced and those daugther cells have the ability to CLASS SWITCH to produce other antibody isotypes. |
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Term
| the variable part of an antibody is its ___ Regions |
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Definition
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Term
| The constant part of the antibody is its ___ Region |
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Definition
| Constant Region C=Constant |
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Term
| The Ig Monomer form has what shape |
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Definition
| Y shaped with four polypeptide chains; two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains |
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Term
| The heavy and light chains of the antibody are connected by |
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Definition
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Term
| The constant region of the light chains is composed of how many amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| How many CDR regions are there in light and heavy chains? Where exactly are they located |
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Definition
| Light and Heavy chains each have 3x CDR regions (Complemntarity-determining regions) which are located in the variable region of each. So 6x total |
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Term
| what exact region of the Ab is what forms the Ag binding pocket (aka the paratope) that antigens fit into |
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Definition
| The CDR regions of Variable region of the light and heavy chains. (3 CDR for H and 3 CDR for L). |
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Term
| What are the framework regions (FR) for on the H and L chains of the immunoglobins |
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Definition
| Less variablity compared to the CDR. There are 4 FR on the H and 4 FR on the L chains. |
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Term
| Which antibody has 4x heavy chain constant domains? |
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Definition
| IgM and IgE. (M and E have four lines that make the letter so four domains that make their constant region of the H Chain) So these have a heavy chain constant region comprised of four seperate domains. (IgA, IgG, IgD only have three domains in their heavy chain constant region) |
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Term
| Which antibody's constant region of its heavy chain does not hinge |
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Definition
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Term
| Does membrane bound immunoglboins or antibodies have extra CH regions after CH3 or CH4? |
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Definition
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Term
| the complementarity determining regions (CDR) of the variable region of heavy and light chains were once called |
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Definition
| the hypervariable regions |
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Term
| the _____ region of immunoglobins are intervening peptide segements on either side of the CDR regions. |
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Definition
| The framework regions. So in between each CDR are peptide segments that space (Frame out) the CDRs into varying positions |
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Term
| The hinge region of immunoglobins are only found in what antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
| Disulfide bonds between chains are called |
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Definition
| interchain disulfide bonds |
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Term
| disulfide bonds WITHIN chians are called |
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Definition
| intrachain disulfide bonds |
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Term
| What kind of bonds are between the variable regions of the light and heavy chains and constant regions between the light and heavy chains |
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Definition
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Term
| The paratope is formed by the |
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Definition
| CDR of the Variable light chains and Variable Heavy chains. |
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Term
What is the difference in antigenic determinant classes:
1. Isotypic
2. Allotypic
3. Idiotypic: |
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Definition
1. Isotypic antigenic determinate: refer to constant region of L and H chains
2. Allotypic: general things amongst the L or H chains
3. Idiotypic antigenic determinants: confiburations formed by variable regions of the L and H chains. |
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Term
| Which antibody is found mostly (80%) in serum |
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Definition
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Term
| What subgroups of IgG can cross into the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common Ig in secretions is |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 monomer units = ___ form in blood |
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Definition
| 5 monomer units = pentamer form in blood |
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Term
| First antibody produced in 1st response to Ag is |
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Definition
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Term
| What are all the forms of IgA |
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Definition
1. Monomer - most common
2. Dimers
3. Trimers
4. Tetramers |
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Term
| Secretions being what things in the body |
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Definition
1. saliva
2. tears
3. milk
4. colostrum
5. intestinal fluids
6. tracheobronchial
7. genitourinary tract |
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Term
| Secretory IgA is composed of |
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Definition
| Dimer: Meaning there are two monoclonal antibodies connected by a J chain that is surrounded by a secretory component |
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Term
| This antibody binds to basophils and mast cells by means of the ____ on those cells |
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Definition
| IgE binds to basopihls and mast cells via their FcR on thier surface. Because remember that Antibodies mostly communicate/connect with other cells via the Fc portion of their constant region. More specifically the FcRecptors of other cells bind to the Fc fragment on the CH3 segment of the constant region. |
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Term
| What form of IgA is found in the blood. |
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Definition
| Only monomer form of IgA is found in the serum of humans. Secretory IgA is NOT in the blood |
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Term
| Epithelial cells make what component of IgA |
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Definition
| Make the secretory componenet part of poly-Ig Receptor of a IgA |
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Term
| what anitbodies have a J chain |
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Definition
IgM
IgA
Remember those are the ones which are often in larger forms than just a monomer. IgA often a dimer and IgM often a pentamer. The J chain holds those multiple Monomers together. |
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Term
| Which antibodies activate the complement system? Which one is the strongest |
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Definition
| IgM and IgG can activate the complement system but IgM does so the strongest. |
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Term
| Which complement system is activated by antibodies |
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Definition
| Classical Complement System |
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Term
| Which antibody binds to FcR of eosinophil? IS it before or after that antibody's Fab is attached to a antigen? |
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Definition
| IgE after its Fab binds to an antigen will then connect to a eosinophil's FcR with its own Fc portion. This usually occurs with parasites pathogens. |
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Term
| which antibody sensitizes Mast and basophil cells? Does it do so before or after the antibody's Fab connects with a antigen? |
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Definition
| BEFORE Fab of IgE binds with a antigen, that IgE will bind to the FcR of the basophil and Mast cell via its Fc fragment. Later then when Ag binds to the IgE on the basophil or mast cell will casue a rapid degrannulation. |
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Term
| In antibody depedent cell mediated cytotoxicity what antibodies are doing this and what immune cells do they illicit and how? |
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Definition
| IgG and IgA can bind with an Ag, then present this to a phagocytic cell by again binding with their FcR. IgG can also interact with NK cells by binding with their Fc receptors as well. |
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Term
| what results from the activation of the complement system? |
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Definition
| Complement mediated cell lysis occurs. Also C3a and C5a mediated chemotaxis occurs. Also complement mediated opsonization and phagocytosis occurs. |
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Term
| What exactly happens with complement mediated opsonization/phagocytosis in regards to antibodies and antigens |
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Definition
C3b can do a couple of things.
1. it can bind directly to insoluble Ag and present this to a phagocyte by binding to its Complement Receptor CR.
2. C3b can bind to soluble Ag or Soluble Ag-Ab complexes and aid in their removal by presenting them to complement receptors on RBCs. The RBCs then take that trash to liver (kupffer cells) or spleen (macrophages) to be removed from the body |
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Term
| which complement protein mediates opsonizaiton/phagocytosis with antibodies or antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| If C3b aids in removal of Ag and Ag-Ab complexes from body via RBCs, where does it transport them to and what cells in those structures does the job of removing the antigen? 2x |
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Definition
1. Liver - Kuppffer cells
2. Spleen - Macrophages |
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Term
| which antibodies can partake in opsonization and phagocytosis directly |
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Definition
1. IgG 2. IgM 3. IgA
Which are all the Antibodies which can be passed through colostrum to babies which gives them a fighting immune system. |
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Term
| Mostly Ig___ is able to cross mucosal surfaces. But Ig___ can too. |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of immunity is provided by antibodies coming from colostrum and milk to new borns |
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Definition
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Term
| Does colostrum or milk have more antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
| Name what antibodies are found in colsotrum and list them in descending order from largest to smallest quantities |
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Definition
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Term
| Babies also get what kind of immunity from antibodies being passed through the placenta? Which ones can do this |
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Definition
| Passive immunity via IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 |
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Term
| what is the name for the proces of antibodies that cross mucosal surfaces into secretions or cross the placenta |
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Definition
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Term
| What maintains the antibody concentrations in the blood |
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Definition
| FCRn on Endotehlial cells |
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Term
| Some FcRs are inhibitory. Where are those found |
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Definition
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Term
| Which FcR for IgG has wide distribution, low affinity, throughout multiple types of immune cells but not including mature T cells and NK Cells, It also has some inhibitory function on some cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the high affinity FcR for IgG is |
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Definition
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Term
| The high affinity FcR for IgE is ___ and is found on what kind of cells |
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Definition
| IgE--Fc-RI found on mast cells , basophils, eosinophils |
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Term
| Coexpression of __ and ___ immunoglobulin isotypes renders the B cell "Mature" |
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Definition
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Term
| which region of the antibody is IDENTICAL in all antibodies of the SAME ISOTYPE |
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Definition
| constant region of the heavy chain |
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Term
| which region of which chain on the antibody differs in antibodies produced by different B cells. |
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Definition
| Variable region of the heavy chain |
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Term
| the variable region of each heavy chain is approximately ___ amino acids long and is composed of how many Ig Domains? |
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Definition
| Variable region of heavy chain is approximatley 110 amino acids long and is composed of a single Ig Domain. |
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Term
| circulating antibodies are produced by ___ B cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways which are |
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Definition
1. prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them
2. Stimulate removal of pathogen by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen
3. Trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as complement pathway, NK cells, Eosinophils, Mast cells, Basophils, |
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Term
| two main ways complement system activated by antibodies contributes to the fight against pathogen |
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Definition
1. Ab/Ag complex + Complement molecules bind together and mark themselves for ingestion by phagocytes. This marking is called opsonization.
2. Complement components respond to signals from Ab and form a MAC Membrane attack complex to assist AB in killing pathogens directly. |
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Term
| Antibodies can work by activating other effector cells. First they must binding an Ag to its binding site located on the Fab portion of its structure. Then this Antibody-Ag complex can attach via its Fc fragment to effector cells who have what kind of receptors? Which kind of cells have these receptors? |
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Definition
| Effector cells that have FcR to interact with Antibodies/Ag complexes. 1. Phagoctyes --> phagocytose 2. Mast cells --> Degranulate 3. Neutrophils ->dengraulate 4. NK Cells -> release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules (ADCC Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity) |
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Term
| Are Fc fragments of antibodies the same on all antibodies? |
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Definition
| NOOOOOOOOO Fc receptors are specific to certain isotypes of antibodies. So antibodies have very different kinds of Fc fragments whichs makes each isotype unique so that not one pathogen evokes a antibody response from every type of antibody! |
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Term
| which Fc receptor is on epithelial cells along mucosal surfaces and is an important component to allowing __ and __ Antibodies cross through cells and endocytosis |
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Definition
| PolyIg Receptors allow IgA and IgM to cross over (hence why they can be in milk or colostrum) |
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Term
| Which receptor lets IgG go from mother to fetus ? Which receptor lets IgA and IgM go from mother to baby? |
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Definition
FcRn: lets IgG go to neonatal (N-Neonate)
Poly-Ig Receptor: lets IgA and IgM cross epithelial cells along mucosal surfaces |
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Term
| name for Ab of all same specificity made from same clone of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some uses for monoclonal antibodies in current clinical and research practice? |
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Definition
| 1. clinical and research 2. assays for detecting substances of interest 3. deliver toxin to tumors 4. anti-tumor 5. anti-immune cells 6. anti TNF |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| scientist can get transplant spleen cells which are rich in____ from immunized mouse and give to patient |
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Definition
| Rich in plasma cells which produce specific Ab for patients |
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Term
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Definition
| it is formed from fusion of plasma cell and myeloma cell. It produces monoclonal antibodies as a result of using myeloma cells and fusing with plasma specific Ab cells from immunized mice. You end up with the best of both worlds. |
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Term
| what is the disadvantage of original monoclonal antibody creation |
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Definition
| time consuming, labor intensive, expensive, variable Ab produced, |
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Term
| what happens what monoclonal antibodies from mice are injected into humans |
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Definition
| recognized often as foreign and are attacked. |
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Term
| What's the new way to get antibodies thats better than the previous mouse and monoclonal Ab production |
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Definition
| Manipulation of genes for Ab while IN VITRO, then place that gene into a myeloma cell. |
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Term
| Chimeric monoclonal Abs are also called humanized anitbody grafted monoclonal Ab. Their production is a hybridized way to make Specific Abs in labs... What exactly is done during this process... |
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Definition
| The hybridization of using DNA from Mice and Humans to makes variable regions taken from mouse and constant regions from humans so that less rejection occur. Can also involve just taking the CDR regions from the variable regions of the mouse only and rest from human |
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Term
| WHat are chimeric monoclonal Ab with toxin |
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Definition
| An antibody is genetically altered so that the Fc region is replaced with a toxin. Then the Fab is used to bind to tumors and then toxin is injected. |
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Term
| What are heteroconjugate monoclonal Ab |
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Definition
These are antibodies made in labs by scientist. They modify One Fab portion of the monoclonal Ab to recognize a tumor and the other Fab to bind to immune cells. This allows the body to initiate and carry out its own immune response to kill the tumor.
Normally the FaB binds to antigenitic determinants and then the Fc portion of the antibody will bind with FcReceptors on immune cells for destruction. |
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Term
| the four subclasses of IgG differ by |
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Definition
| the structure of their hinge! |
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Term
| the four subclasses of IgG differ by |
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Definition
| the structure of their hinge! |
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