Movement

Biosynthesis

Active Transport

What do the variables stand for

H=G+S

H Amount of energy

S entropy

G is free energy

If the final state has more energy than the initial state then the reaction is what?

ΔG>0

If the final state has less energy than the initial state then the process is what?

ΔG<0

Reaction that require less than 7.3 kcal per mol

because some energy will be lost as heat.

1. they are catalytic proteins

2. they do not effect the free energy transfer

3. They speed up reactions of things that can and will occur.

4. They do not change the amount of energy to start an endergonic reaction

 5. They exihibit substrate specificity

6. effective in small amounts

7. one enzyme can catalyze a reaction multiple times

8. They are sensitive to environmental conditions

9. have optimal conditions temp and pH.

10. enzymes can be regulated

11. some require assistance from other molecules such as ions 

1. substrate specificity

2. at what concentrations of molecules do the enzymes work

3. reaction rate

Enzyme regulation

usually only one ezyme

and 

compartmentation

The carbon hydrogen bonds

Taking the hydrogen sharing electrons with carbon and replace them with oxygen 

we go from high energy electrons to low energy electrons

1. glycolysis

2.TCA cycle, Krebbs cycle, Citric Acid cycle

3. electron transport oxidative phosphorylation

What is the function of pyruvate processing?

(TCA cycle, Krebbs cycle, Citric Acid cycle)

1.Oxidative phosphorylation

2. photophosphorylation

3. subtrate level phosphorylation

1 6-carbon Glucose to 2-3 carbon pyruvate

ADP to ATP

NAD⁺ to NADH

Pyruvate goes in and CO₂ comes out

NAD⁺ to NADH

FADH₂

O₂ goes in H₂O comes out

ADP goes in ATP comes out

Electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂ and NAD⁺ comes out and FADH

A hydride a hydrogen with its electron and carbons

to NAD⁺

pyruvate+ lactate dehydrogenase+NADH+H⁺→ Lactate + NAD⁺

Regenerate NAD⁺

1.Pyruvate+ Pyruvate decarboxylase→CO₂ + Acetaldehyde

2. Acetaldehyde + NADH + H⁺ + Alchohol dehydrogenase→ Ethyl alchohol

The two membranes of the mitochondria where one was the plasma membrane of the cell that consumed it

Mitochondrial DNA that is functional

has its own ribosomes

mitochondria devide independently of the host cell and devide by a process similar to binary fission

A. Inner membrane

B. Outer membrane

C. Matrix

D. Cristae

5

1 in pyruvate processing

4 in the TCA cycle

The gradient created by protons

which is a pH gradient and an electrochemical gradient

The complex that recieves all the electrons leaving complex 3 also called cytochrome oxidase

is the final stop 

the electrons are low energy that are going to be picked up by oxygen to form water

What are prostetic groups?

What are conjugated proteins?

Non protein components.

The protein component

Complex 1, complex 3, and complex 4.

to be used by other proteins of the protein complexs to pump protons from the mitochondrial membrane to the inner membrane space

The wavelength of light

a higher wavelength has lower energy

1.Light energy harvested is sent to the reaction center.

2. at the reaction center low energy electrons from water(photolysis)are converted to high energy electrons. which is an endergonic process

3.The electrons are physically moved in the reaction center to convert them into high energy electrons using redox reactions.

4. The high energy electrons leave photosystem 2 and are passed off to an electron transport chain. Which functions just like a mitochondrial electron transport chain

1. as the electrons move throught the electron transport chain they lose energy and create a proton motive force which is used to make ATP via Photophosphorylation which is catalyzed by ATP synthase.

2. the electrons are passed to photosystem 1

3. Photosystem 1 uses light to convert low energy electrons to high energy electrons and passes them off to NADPH

3-phophoglycerate + ATP+NADPH to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

1,3 biphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

What is CAM photosynthesis?