Term
| How did the study of Early childhood cognitive development start? |
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Definition
Example:
Darwin was the originator of baby biographies and he studied his son Doddy.
Darwin examined Doddy wasn’t piling new info over old, but was restructuring his brain
-The mirror example |
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Term
| What are the three approaches to cognitive development? |
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Definition
1. Behaviorist approach
2. Physcometric approach
3.Piagetian approach |
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Term
| Define the Behaviorist approach? |
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Definition
1. Behaviorist approach
a. Studying the basic mechanics of learning, it is concerned with how behavior changes in response to experience
b. Two learning processes
a. Classical conditioning
• Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.
• Ex. Little girl blink with camera flash…then blinks before flash because she associates the camera with blinking/the flash.
b. Operant conditioning
• Learning based on reinforcement or punishment.
• Ex. Little girl smiles and therefore receives parents attention. Does it again because she receives a reward. |
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Term
| Define the Psychometric approach? |
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Definition
2. Physcometric approach
a. Measures quantitative differences in cognitive abilities by using tests.
b. A child will show INTELLIGENT BEHAVOR which is both goal-oriented and adaptive.
c. Alfred Binet started the first children’s test. From this cam the IQ TEST—psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing it to the results of the other test takers.
d. Point to remember…it is impossible to devise what is an infant’s IQ…but you can assess their cognitive development. So for babies they would do development tests. They assess a baby’s ability by comparing it to what is the normal capabilities of other babies. They work on a mental scale, motor scale, and a behavior rating scale.
e. These test cannot predict a child’s future development….the influence of the family comes in and affects the child….HOME OBSERVATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRNMENT…is a checklist to measure the influence of the home environment on a child’s growth. These are associated with high intelligence…not that they cause high intelligence.
f. EARLY INTERVENTION…the process of providing services to help families meet young children’s development needs.
- They include SIX DEVELOPMENTAL PRIMING MECHANISMS…which are aspects of the home environment that seem necessary for normal cognitive and psychosocial perspectives.
1. Encourage students to explore their environment
2. Mentor in basic cognitive and social skills
3. Celebrate accomplishments
4. Guidance in practicing skills
5. Protection form inappropriate punishment
6. Stimulate them in learning language |
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Term
| Define the Piagetian Approach? |
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Definition
3. Piagetian approach
a. Looks at changes in the quality of cognitive function, it is concerned with how the mind structures its activities, and adapts to its environment.
b. He adapted Binet’s test…he thought that the test missed so much of what was important…like the wrong answers that children gave…and the reasons why they answered the way they did.
c. Piaget’s “comprehensive theory of cognitive development”
d. He has four stages of development—
1. Sensorimotor stage |
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Term
| define classical conditioning? |
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Definition
a. Classical conditioning
• Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.
• Ex. Little girl blink with camera flash…then blinks before flash because she associates the camera with blinking/the flash. |
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Term
| Define Operant conditioning? |
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Definition
b. Operant conditioning
• Learning based on reinforcement or punishment.
• Ex. Little girl smiles and therefore receives parents attention. Does it again because she receives a reward. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Infant Memory: a few views with INFANT AMNESIA….Piaget said that our brains are not fully formed enough until after the age of three…Freud said we repressed the memories because of the emotional trauma that they causes…others say because we can’t talk and therefore reinforce the memories, we forget them.) |
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Term
| Define Psychometric's Intelligent behavior? |
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Definition
| behavior that is both goal oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life. |
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Term
| define Psychometric's Intelligence Quotient test? |
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Definition
| c. Alfred Binet started the first children’s test. From this cam the IQ TEST—psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing it to the results of the other test takers. |
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Term
| Define Psychometric's Bayley Scales of Infant Development? |
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Definition
a standardized test of infant's mental, motor, and behavioral development.
ex. 1 month-- (mental) eyes follow moving person...(motor) baby lifts head when held at shoulder. |
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Term
| Define Psychometric's Home Observation for Measurement of Environment (HOME)test? |
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Definition
| the influence of the family comes in and affects the child….HOME OBSERVATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRNMENT…is a checklist to measure the influence of the home environment on a child’s growth. These are associated with high intelligence…not that they cause high intelligence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of providing services to help families meet young children’s development needs. |
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Term
| what are the six steps of DEVELOPMENTAL PRIMING MECHANISMS… |
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Definition
SIX DEVELOPMENTAL PRIMING MECHANISMS…which are aspects of the home environment that seem necessary for normal cognitive and psychosocial perspectives.
1. Encourage students to explore their environment
2. Mentor in basic cognitive and social skills
3. Celebrate accomplishments
4. Guidance in practicing skills
5. Protection form inappropriate punishment
6. Stimulate them in learning language |
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Term
| define early intervention? |
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Definition
| the process of providing services to help families meet young children’s development needs. |
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Term
| What are the six "sub-stages" of Piaget's first stage, the Sensorimotor stage? |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor stage
• Infants learn through senses and motor activates
• There are six sub-stages …
a. Use of reflexes
- Birth to 1 month
- Infants can us their inborn reflexes and eventually gain control over them. They can’t coordinate info from their senses. They don’t understand the objects that they are learning from.
b. Primary circular reactions
- 1 to 4 months
- Infants first start adapting and repeating things that had happened by chance and now they repeat them because they enjoy the cause and effect.
c. Secondary circular reflexes
- 4 to 8 months
- Infants become more interested in environment and they repeat actions that produce responses that interest them. Their actions become INTENTIAL but not GOAL ORIENTED yet.
d. Coordination of secondary schemes
- 8 to 12 months
- Behavior is more deliberate. Infants bring together experiences that they enjoy with the process needed ot accomplish them. And they can anticipate events…such as this action will bring this effect.
e. Teriary circular reactions
- 12 to 18 months
- Toddlers begin to experiment with things and purposefully vary their actions. They use trial and error to discover new things.
f. Mental combination
- 18 to 24 months
- Infants can now work through problems by working off of their past experiences and don’t always have to resort to trial and error to work through things.
- They use REPRESENTATIONAL ABILITY—piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and experiences
- And they use DEFERRED IMITATION—piaget’s term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time. They can think about objects before doing them because they remember them. |
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