Term
|
Definition
| the process that puts soil, sediment,debris, and broken rock (collectivly known as regolith) down a hilside or cliff |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a combination of broken rock, soil, debris and sediment. it goes down hillsides or cliffs during mass wasting |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow-moving down-slope migration of soil |
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Term
|
Definition
| curved trees, cracks in slopes, bent power poles or fences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the freezing/thawing cycle of water. |
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Term
| where is solifluction seen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what evidence of solifluction/what physically sets it apart from creep? and why does this phenomena occur? |
|
Definition
| the lobes/waves on the surface of the soil. this occurs from soil sliding along an underlying plane of weakness (usually ice) |
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Term
| talus, what and where is it |
|
Definition
| a mass of broken rock on a slope. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water freezes between bits of talus, jagged rocks and pebbles and carried by water. |
|
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Term
| what does slump look like? |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&safe=off&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&tbnid=hZROlrzuiqD8TM:&imgrefurl=http://www.napavalley.edu/PEOPLE/RDELLAVALLE/Pages/PhysicalGeology.aspx&docid=kwuJVvU0KPLGmM&imgurl=http://www.napavalley.edu/people/RDellaValle/Documents/MyNVC%252520Files/Physical%252520Geology/SLUMP.jpg&w=690&h=441&ei=F7N5UNGKJKSP0QGxoYG4Bw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=430&sig=114254960698891589706&page=1&tbnh=146&tbnw=226&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:81&tx=174&ty=5 |
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Term
| head scarp, where are they and what to they look like |
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Definition
| one or more of these occur at the top of a slump. they are very steep |
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Term
| failure surface definition |
|
Definition
| the bowl-shaped "line" or "surface" that slump slides/rotates along |
|
|
Term
| mudflows and debris flows, what are they in general |
|
Definition
| rivers of rock, earth, and debris saturated with water |
|
|
Term
| what sets a mudflow apart from a debris flow? |
|
Definition
| mudflows have smaller sediemnts |
|
|
Term
| how is a debris flow different from a mudflow |
|
Definition
| a debris flow has larger sediments |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mudflow composed of pyroclastic ash, lapilii and water that has |
|
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Term
| what are three things that can create lahars |
|
Definition
| snow/ice melted by pyroclastic flow, heavy rain, or flash floods from a stream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when a slope fails along a plane of weakness, sending rocks or debris or both tumbling down a slope at high speeds |
|
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Term
| 4 planes of weaknesses that a landslide can occur on |
|
Definition
| bedding plane, clay layer, buried erosional surface, or joint surface |
|
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Term
| what are joint layers and what are they caused by |
|
Definition
| joints are fractures in rock that result from the cooling or expansion of a rock layer |
|
|
Term
| rockfalls and debris falls usually result from what type of cliff |
|
Definition
| a very steep cliff leads to this kind of mass wasting |
|
|
Term
| debris falls inlcude what |
|
Definition
| bits of soil, regolith, vegatation, and rocks |
|
|
Term
| in debris-based mass wasting events, what does the debris generally include |
|
Definition
| regolith, soil, vegatation, and sediments |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of submarine landslides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the cause of the submarine landslides in hawaii? |
|
Definition
| magma intrusion and earthquakes caused peices of the cliffs to break off and slide into the sea |
|
|
Term
| what were three mass wastings events that contributed to submarine landslides |
|
Definition
| slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents |
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Term
|
Definition
| gravity-driven currents consisting of diluted sediments in water that is denser than water and travels down undersea slopes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sediment/rock deposited by a turbidity content |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 factors that determine the severity and likelihood of mass wasting |
|
Definition
1. size of fragments of rock
2. composition of rock (mineral stability, strength)
3. steepness of slope
4. water content
5. shape of fragments
6. weak layers in soil or bedding of soil |
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Term
|
Definition
| enough excess water to cause a stream to overflow its banks |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water running down a surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| when water erodes a channel out of the ground |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the head of the stream channel moves upward. |
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Term
|
Definition
| flow into other streams or each other to increase the order of streams |
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Term
|
Definition
| an area from which all the water ends up in the same stream, aka watershed |
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|
Term
| what dendritic river pattern looks like |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendritic_Drainage_pattern.jpg&h=820&w=1001&sz=44&tbnid=lpc_IQ9VLT-K3M:&tbnh=84&tbnw=102&prev=/search%3Fq%3Ddendritic%2Bwater%2Bpattern%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=dendritic+water+pattern&usg=__pfYUroilcqwu3Sb08my5w0JkUyo=&docid=bcE7vKtT-EoEZM&sa=X&ei=Nst5UO_NMrCQ0QHn6YDoDw&ved=0CC0Q9QEwAg&dur=198 |
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|
Term
| enviornment that leads to dendritic pattern |
|
Definition
| when underlying rock has a uniform resistance to erosion and lacks features such as joints or fractures that could influence drainage. dendritic is what flowing water will form when there are no factors to influence it |
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|
Term
| what a radial drainage pattern looks like |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?q=radial+drainage+pattern&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1029&bih=622&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=iciwHLnrWpbbqM:&imgrefurl=http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/earthprocesses/drainagePatterns.html&docid=8kEb4UJPGPCyHM&imgurl=http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/images/radial-drainage.jpg&w=500&h=373&ei=9Mt5UKjTL6nF0AHzhoGACg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=619&vpy=100&dur=759&hovh=194&hovw=260&tx=124&ty=116&sig=103455174281980633496&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=166&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:158 |
|
|
Term
| radial drainage patterns forms from |
|
Definition
| water flowing down a hill |
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|
Term
| rectanguluar drainage patterns looks like |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Rectangular_drainage_pattern.JPG&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rectangular_drainage_pattern.JPG&h=1507&w=1453&sz=107&tbnid=AtwPh1Q97pC29M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=82&prev=/search%3Fq%3Drectangular%2Bdrainage%2Bpattern%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=rectangular+drainage+pattern&usg=__xdAIicmaEd1gBSLMxB9RKMQU-vs=&docid=EelZCJILDDzX1M&sa=X&ei=a8x5UOquFaqr0AHciYG4CQ&ved=0CCIQ9QEwAA&dur=1242 |
|
|
Term
| how many preferred directions are there for streams in a rectangular drainage pattern? |
|
Definition
| 2 preferred directions for streams in this drainage pattern |
|
|
Term
| what underlying features in rock lead to rectangular drainage patterns |
|
Definition
| parallel faults or repeated joints |
|
|
Term
| trellis pattern occurs from what underlying rock feature? |
|
Definition
| when bedrock exhibits strong control over the stream channels, forcing streams to run at right angles with their tributaries |
|
|
Term
| how many preferred directions for channels in a trellis system? |
|
Definition
| one preferred direction for channels in this drainage pattern |
|
|
Term
| catchment is the same as what other two vocab words? |
|
Definition
| drainage basin and watershed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| border between watersheds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides the north american watersheds into those that drain into the pacific and those that drain into the Atlantic/the gulf of mexico |
|
|
Term
| 4 forms of stream erosion |
|
Definition
1. scouring
2. lifting and breaking
3. abrasion
4. dissolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of erosion in streams where water water acts like a high-pressure water cleaner, scooping up particles as it goes |
|
|
Term
| breaking and lifitng stream erosion |
|
Definition
| when water pushes water in cracks open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspended sediments rub agasint streambed |
|
|
Term
| dissolution stream erosion, why? |
|
Definition
| because all meteoric water is acidic |
|
|
Term
| 3 loads(types of sediments) that streams transport |
|
Definition
1. dissolved load
2. suspended load
3. bed load |
|
|
Term
| dissolved load in a stream |
|
Definition
| ions dissolved into the water of the stream |
|
|
Term
| suspended load of a stream |
|
Definition
| silt and other fragments kept afloat by the energy of moving water |
|
|
Term
| bed loads in a stream, where are they and what kind of movement do they engage in? |
|
Definition
| they engage in saltation, aka hopping, or traction, which is rolling. they are at bed of stream |
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|
Term
| what conditions are best to create the "most meandering" channel |
|
Definition
| in wide valleys with easily eroded sediment and a low gradient slope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cut off curves from a meandering stream |
|
|
Term
| alluvial fan, occurs where and what is it |
|
Definition
| it occurs in arid envoirnments. deposit of stream sediment where a fast-moving, sediment-dense stream goes from a steeper canyon or gulley into a flatter valley or plain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sedimentary deposit where a stream flows into standing water |
|
|
Term
| headwaters, where are they and how fast is the water moving compard to the rest of the stream |
|
Definition
| the highest part of the stream with the fastest moving water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elevation of a body of water that a stream empties into |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stream's profile, its steepness at all points along its path |
|
|
Term
| v-shaped valley forms where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| braided streams, what causes them and what do they look like |
|
Definition
| they are caused when streams have more sediment than they can easily carry, and they look braided because deposited sediment forms little islands that force water into separate channels within the stream |
|
|
Term
| what happens when a period of unusually high discharge ends in a braided stream |
|
Definition
| the islands that were covered and reshaped are again exposed and made larger from all the sediment that can no longer be carried by the water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| land next to a stream where floodwaters spill onto if a flood occurs |
|
|
Term
| what natural levees look like |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&biw=1046&bih=622&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=1yJP3vO--GKSIM:&imgrefurl=http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/katrina/understanding.html&docid=2CEQdJOl0ImKeM&imgurl=http://serc.carleton.edu/images/research_education/katrina/constructlevee.jpg&w=371&h=461&ei=9ON5UPi7IvPG0AHc94H4BQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=368&vpy=168&dur=920&hovh=250&hovw=201&tx=142&ty=169&sig=114254960698891589706&page=1&tbnh=156&tbnw=125&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:115 |
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|
Term
| where are distributearies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do distributaries look like? |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&safe=off&sa=X&biw=1046&bih=622&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=GiR8eXrmRtBbaM:&imgrefurl=http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/schools/blythebridge/gcseriversrevisionlc.htm&docid=6EALXAqbVrm-PM&imgurl=http://www.sln.org.uk/geography/schools/blythebridge/delta.jpg&w=247&h=231&ei=XuR5UMieI8PE0QHTy4C4DQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=606&vpy=157&dur=3417&hovh=184&hovw=197&tx=91&ty=125&sig=114254960698891589706&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=149&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:81 |
|
|
Term
| would rapids be towards the top half or the bottom half of a stream profile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a stream went through both braided and meandering parts, which would most likely come first? |
|
Definition
| braided, meandering is towards the very end before the base level |
|
|
Term
| nick points, what causes them and what do they create? |
|
Definition
| these can be created by one layer of rock (probably sediment) weathering quicker than the surrounding layers of rock, creating a waterfall |
|
|
Term
| what happens when a natural dam stops the flow of a stream? |
|
Definition
| a new base level is created if water piles up there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are four things that can interrupt an ideal stream profile |
|
Definition
1. base level drops because of erosion
2. base level rises
3. headwater moves up or down
4. nick points are created |
|
|
Term
| swamps form where on a stream profile |
|
Definition
| at very bottom of stream profile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do glaciers start as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive feedback cycle in glaciers #1 |
|
Definition
| ice keeps snow cool, and that builds more ice |
|
|
Term
| melting nose on a glacier |
|
Definition
| the term for the lowest point on a glacier where melting occurs |
|
|
Term
| equilibrium point on a glacier |
|
Definition
| term for the point on a glacier on the line between the the accumulation zone and ablation zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss of snow/ice from a glacier by melting or evaporation |
|
|
Term
| accumlation zone on a glacier |
|
Definition
| term for zone on a glacier where accumulation>ablation |
|
|
Term
| ablation zone on a glacier |
|
Definition
| term for zone on a glacier where ablation>accumulation |
|
|
Term
| positive feedback cycle on glaciers #2 |
|
Definition
| albedo cools down glaciers |
|
|
Term
| albedo, what is it and how does it relate to glaciers |
|
Definition
| this term is reflected sunlight off a surface, it creates a positive feedback loop for keeping glaciers cool |
|
|
Term
| what causes a glacier to recede? |
|
Definition
| this happens to a glacier when the nose melts faster than the glacier flows forward |
|
|
Term
| two things that make ice special in terms of glaciers |
|
Definition
1. it floats on water
2. it is slippery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposits of stuff carried by a glacier that marks the former position of the ice |
|
|
Term
| ground moraine: where do they form |
|
Definition
| these moraines form underneath the glacier |
|
|
Term
| end moraine: where do the form and how are they shaped |
|
Definition
| these moraines form at the end of a glacier and take the shape of a ridge of till |
|
|
Term
| what distinguishes a terminal moraine from an end moraine |
|
Definition
| the first is the farthest point a glacier extended to, the second is just one place it stopped |
|
|
Term
| lateral moraines form where |
|
Definition
| these moraines form at the edge of a glacier |
|
|
Term
| medial moraines form where |
|
Definition
| these moraines form between two glaciers that rub up against each other/coalesce |
|
|
Term
| what is the physical difference between a medial and lateral moraine |
|
Definition
| there is no physical difference between these moraines, the difference is contextual, in how they were formed |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of most non-ground moraine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nature of moraines help scientists learn which three things? |
|
Definition
1. size of the glacier
2. shape of glacier
3. extent that glacier traveled |
|
|
Term
| alpine glaciers, where are they and whats another name for them |
|
Definition
| glaciers found in mountainous regions, another name for them is mountain glaciers |
|
|
Term
| continental glaciers aren't bound to what |
|
Definition
| these glaciers aren't bound to mtns |
|
|
Term
| which cover a larger area, mtn or continental glacier |
|
Definition
| the continental glacier covers a larger area than the other one |
|
|
Term
| what do cirques look like |
|
Definition
| http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cirque+geology&hl=en&safe=off&biw=886&bih=622&tbm=isch&tbnid=urYs6gQW8TBieM:&imgrefurl=http://papabearnewyork.com/papabear/Page_Torngats.html&docid=iB2ascHwSrCY7M&imgurl=http://gallery.backcountry.net/albums/papabear_torngats/ado.jpg&w=504&h=335&ei=EiB7ULbhG5Kv0AGzoYDABA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=105&vpy=125&dur=539&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=212&ty=125&sig=114254960698891589706&page=1&tbnh=142&tbnw=204&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:95 |
|
|
Term
| description of the appearance of cirques |
|
Definition
| these are a bowl-shaped depressions that look like amphitheaters |
|
|
Term
| what do glaciers do to create cirques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cirques are the birthplaces of what, and how do they form what they birth? |
|
Definition
| the birthplace of glaciers, where the glaciers are birthed by accumulating snow |
|
|
Term
| horns are surrounded by what |
|
Definition
| they are surrounded by cirques |
|
|
Term
| which is a sharp peak: arete, horn, cirque |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a description of how aretes are formed |
|
Definition
| there are glaciers on either side coming closer and closer together, carving the rock into a sharp ridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two glacial u-shaped valleys |
|
|
Term
| what are aretes formed of |
|
Definition
| they are made of solid rock carved by glaciers |
|
|
Term
| eskers run on top of what |
|
Definition
| they run on top of ground moraines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rivers flowing under a glacier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| piles of glacial material that waterfalls off the top of a glacier into a hole in the ice, falling onto a ground moraine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is kame and kettle topograpgy |
|
Definition
| kames and kettle lakes form across an area |
|
|
Term
| topography created at the point a tributary glacier runs into the trunk glacier |
|
Definition
| a hanging valley, where waterfalls often occur is created there |
|
|
Term
| what glacial formation results in hanging valleys? |
|
Definition
| a tributary glacier running into a trunk glacier |
|
|
Term
| what accounts for the difference in elevation at a hanging valley |
|
Definition
| larger trunk glaciers form deeper u-shaped valleys than smaller tributary glaciers accounts for this formation |
|
|
Term
| what shape does a glaciated valley take |
|
Definition
| U-shaped valleys are a result of this |
|
|
Term
| a map scale is the horizontal scale or vertical scale? |
|
Definition
| a map scale is the horizontal scale, not the other kind of scale |
|
|
Term
| what units are used in map scales |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for vertical exaggeration |
|
Definition
| (horizontal scale)/(vertical scale) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
balls of volcanic ash that are thrown up into the sky
|
|
|
Term
| what are two occurances that are part of a slump |
|
Definition
| failure surface and headwall scarp |
|
|
Term
| what makes a pile of snow into a glacier |
|
Definition
| it doesn't melt over the summer and grows and eventually gets so heavy it begins to flow downhill |
|
|
Term
| failure surface relates to what kind of mass wasting |
|
Definition
slumps, failure surfaces are the line on which the slumping mass rotates/slides
|
|
|
Term
| the soil that slides/rotates downward in a slump is shaped like what kind of cutlery |
|
Definition
|
|
