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| thin but tough, protective barrier, stratified into several zones, top layer |
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bottom stratified epidermis layer, basal cell layer, forms new skin cells. major ingredients are tough, fibrous protein keratin melanin varies by genetic, hormones and environmental influences |
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| from the basal layer new skin cells migrate up and flatten, cells are constantly being shed and replaced, completely replaced after 4 weeks, the epidermis is avascular |
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1. melanin- brown pigment 2. carotene- yellow/orange tones 3. red-purple tones in underlying vascular bed |
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| contains mostly connective tissue, or collagen. Tough fibrous protein makes skin resiss tearing. Also has resilient elastic tissue allows skin to stretch |
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nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatics also appendages from epidermis such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands |
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| adipose tissue, made of lobules of fat cells |
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threads of keratin, hair shaf is visible projecting part, root is below surface embeddedin follicle. At the root the bulb matrix is the expanded area where new cells are produced at a high rate. hair growth is cyclical around the hair follicle are muscular arrector pili which contract and elevate hair so it resembles goose flesh |
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| fine, faint, covers most of the body, |
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produce protective lipid substance, sebum, which is secreted thro the hair follicle. Sebum oils and lubricates the skin Water retardant everywhere except for palm and soles most abundant in scalp, forehead, face and chin |
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open directly onto the skin produce dilute saline, called sweat completely mature by 2 months |
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produce thick, milky secretion and open into hair follicles located mostly in the axillae, anogenital area, nipples,ect. happen during puberty produce musky odor smell |
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| hard plates of keratin on the dorsal edges of the fingers and toes, the pink comes from highly vascular epithelial cells |
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| protection, revets penetration, perception, emp. regulation, identification, comminication, would repair, absorption and excretion, production of vitamin d |
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fine downy hair is -lanugo, later replaced by vellus hair also present is vernix caseosa- thick, cheesy substance made up of sebum and shed epithelial cells |
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| infant skin is more permeable then adults so they are at greater risk for fluid loss. Sebum which holds water in the skin, is present for the first few weeks. produces milia and cradle cap in some babies. Then subaceous glands decrease in size and production until puberty |
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arranged in 2 continuous loops pulmonary circulation and systemic ciculation pumps simultaneously into both loops |
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| overlyes heart and great vessels |
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| contains the heart and the vessels between the lungs in the mmid 3rd thoracic |
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| top of the heart is called... |
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| bottom of the heart (points down and to the left is called) |
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apical impulse, palpable in most people in 5th intercostal space |
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| unoxygenated venous blood to right side of heart |
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| superior and inferior and vena cava |
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| leaves the right ventricle, bifurcates and carries the venous blood to the lungs |
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| retrns the freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart and the aorta carries out of the body |
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| tough fibrous, double walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart, has two layers that contain serous pericardial fluid, this ensures smooth, frictionfree movement of the heart muscle. The pericardium is adherent to the great vessels, esophagus, sternum, and plurae and is anchored to the diaphragm |
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| muscular wall of the heart, it does the pumping |
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| thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the innner surface of the heart chambers and valves |
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| right and left side of heart |
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| right side pumps blood to lungs and left pumps to body |
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| each side has an atrium- thin walled reservoir for holding blood and ventricle- thick walled muscular pump |
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| seperates the atria and the ventricles (AV) |
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| left av valve (also know as bicupspid) |
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| valves thin leaflets anchored by collagenous fibers to papillary muscles embedded in the ventricle floor |
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(sl) valves are set between the ventricles and the arteries. Each valve has 3 cusps that look like haf moons. Pulmonic- valve in the R side of the heart aortic- valve in the L side of teh heart open during systole |
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