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| Lava flor with a surface of rough, angular blocks and gragments. |
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| Metamorphic rock, Hornblende and plagioclase mineral types, Medium to high metamorphic grade, Dark and weakly foliated. Parent Rock: Mafic Igneous rocks |
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Mineral type: Metamorphic
Typical Mineral: carbon
Metamorphic Grade: High
Characteristics: Black, Lustous, subconcoidal fracture
Parent Rock: Coal |
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Type: Metamorphic
Mineral: Micas, Garnets, Andalusite, Cordierite, quartz
Charac.: Fine grained, equidimensional grains, hard, dense
Parent: Mudrocks |
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Type: Metamorphic
Mineral: Calcite, Dolomite
Grade: Low to High
Char.: Interlocking grains of calcite or dolomite, reacts with HCL
Parent: Limestone or Dolostone |
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Type: Metamorphic
Mineral: quartz, feldspars, hornblende, Micas
Grade: High
Char.: segregated light and dark bands visible
Parent: mudrocks |
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Type: Meta
Mineral: Quartz (duh)
Grade: Medium to High
Char.: Interloking quartz grains, hard, dense
Parent: Quartz Sandstone |
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| Pyroclastic materials that measure less than 2mm. |
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| Calcium endemember of Plagioclase Feldspar. |
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| An irregularly shaped, discordant pluton with at least 100km2 of surface area |
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Alighnment of mineral grains in response to a directed stress feild.
a classification of metamorphic rocks including; Gneiss, Schistose, Phyllitic, Slaty? |
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| Taffy-like type of laba flow with a smooth, ropy surface. |
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| is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. |
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| The decomposition of rocks by chemical alteration of parent material |
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| the reaction of oxygen with other atoms to form oxides or, if water is present, hydroxides |
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| Soil formed in humid regions with an organic-rich A horizon and aluminum-rich clays and iron oxides in horizon B |
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| Soil characteristic of arid and semiarid regions with a thin A horizon and a calcium carbonate rich B horizon |
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| A red soil, rich in iron or aluminum or both, resulting from intense chemical weathering in the tropics |
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| Wavelike structure produced in granular sediment, especially sand, by unidirectional wind and water currents or by oscillating wave currents |
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| An irregularly shaped discordant pluton with a surface area smaller than 100km2 |
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| a process in which rising magma detaches and engulfs pieces of the country rock. |
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| pluton with boundries that cut across the layering in the country rock |
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| a tabular sheetlike concordant pluton |
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| A concordant pluton with a mushroom like geometry |
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| A Tabular sheetlike discordant pluton |
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| The physical seperation and concentration of minerals in the lower part of a magma chamber or pluton by crystallization and gravitational settling. |
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| Molten rock material generated within earth |
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| Magma with between 45% to 52% silica and proportionately more calcium, iron and magnesium than intermediate and felsic magma. |
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| Bulbous masses of basalt resembling pillows, formed when lava is rapidly chilled under water. |
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| Coal; Of higher quality than Lignite but lesser quality than Anthracite. Usually forms from Lignite. |
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| is a fragment of rock that measures more than 64 mm that is erupted in a solid condition from a volcano |
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| is a mass of molten rock larger than 65mm formed when a volcano ejects viscous fragments of lava during an eruption |
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| the work of the petrologist, Norman L. Bowen who was able to explain why certain types of minerals tend to be found together while others are almost never associated with one another... STUDY GRAPH SEPERATELY. |
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| a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix,[1] that can be either similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. |
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| Steep conical hill of tephra () that accumulates around a volcanic vent. Made of pyroclastic material. |
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| clastic rock composed primarily or or solely of volcanic materials |
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| rocks composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing rocks. Can be used to refer to sedimentary rocks. |
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| a general term including many combinations of one or more clay minerals with traces of metal oxides and organic matter.[1] Geologic clay deposits are mostly composed of phyllosilicate minerals containing variable amounts of water trapped in the mineral structure. |
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| a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called beds or seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. ___ is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
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| a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption. |
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| occurs where beds, or layers, of differing rock types are folded into ridges that run parallel to the coast. |
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| is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together. ___ are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts.[1] Both ___ and breccias are characterized by clasts larger than sand (>2 mm). |
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| metamorphism which occurs typically around intrusive igneous rocks as a result of the temperature increase caused by the intrusion of magma into cooler country rock. |
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| is a sedimentary rock that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded, and mechanically sorted fragments of the shells of either molluscs, trilobites, brachiopods, or other invertebrates. |
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| uneven pressure on a rock underground? different than lithostatic pressure which is equal pressure from all directions. |
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| a grey to dark grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock composed principally of plagioclase feldspar , biotite, hornblende, and/or pyroxene |
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| the process by which a solid, liquid or gas forms a solution in a solvent. For the dissolution of solids, the process of dissolution can be explained as the breakdown of the crystal lattice into individual ions, atoms or molecules and their transport into the solvent. |
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| a sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite. |
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| a carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2. The term is also used to describe the sedimentary carbonate rock dolostone. |
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| If the magma is rich in silica, the caldera is often filled in with ignimbrite, tuff, rhyolite, and other igneous rocks. Silica-rich magma has a high viscosity, and therefore does not flow easily like basalt. As a result, gases tend to become trapped at high pressure within the magma. When the magma approaches the surface of the Earth, the rapid off-loading of overlying material causes the trapped gases to decompress rapidly, thus triggering explosive destruction of the magma and spreading volcanic ash over wide areas. |
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| If the magma is rich in silica, the caldera is often filled in with ignimbrite, tuff, rhyolite, and other igneous rocks. Silica-rich magma has a high viscosity, and therefore does not flow easily like basalt. As a result, gases tend to become trapped at high pressure within the magma. When the magma approaches the surface of the Earth, the rapid off-loading of overlying material causes the trapped gases to decompress rapidly, thus triggering explosive destruction of the magma and spreading volcanic ash over wide areas. |
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| an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, of felsic (silica-rich) composition |
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| the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, or pyroclastic flow, a hot suspension of particles and gases that flows rapidly from a volcano, driven by a greater density than the surrounding atmosphere. |
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| refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff |
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| Freeze-thaw (frost weathering) |
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| a collective name for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes such as frost shattering, frost wedging and cryofracturing |
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| refers to a large group of dark, coarse-grained, intrusive mafic igneous rocks chemically equivalent to basalt. The rocks are plutonic, formed when molten magma is trapped beneath the Earth's surface and cools into a crystalline mass. |
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| refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment, or the lithified particles in clastic rocks |
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| a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. |
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| medium to coarse–grained metamorphic rocks that have experienced high temperature metamorphism, composed mainly of feldspars sometimes associated with quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, with granoblastic te |
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| a general field petrologic term applied to metamorphic or altered mafic volcanic rock |
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| a very soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O |
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| commonly known as rock salt, mineral form of sodium chloride |
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| Sheild Volcano (hawaiian sheild) |
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| type of volcano usually built entirely of lava flows |
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an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, usually called a hydrate.
Ex: anhudrite + water = gypsum; Orthoclase + acidic water = clay =(kaolinite); hematite + water = geothite (limonite) |
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| used in geology to determine the degree of metamorphism a rock has experienced. Depending on the original composition of and the pressure and temperature experienced by the protolith (parent rock), chemical reactions between minerals in the solid state produce new minerals |
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| liquid rock that forms under Earth's surface |
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| FeO Turns clays brown, rust, yea you should know that one. |
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| granite like without the quartz/ coarse grained intrusive igneous rock/ not common |
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| pyroclastic rock/ in a cloud of gas moves quickly/ grains welded together eventually |
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| opening in the earth’s crust that allows magma, ash, and gasses to escape from below the surface |
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| calderas craters form lakes/ low laying/ steam/ erosion of a mar would expose its diatreme (is a breccia-filled volcanic pipe that was formed by a gaseous explosion) Ex. Mt St. Helens |
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| or composite cone/ composition andocite/ deep profile/ most common volcano/ Ex. Mt. Fuji/Krakatoa |
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| includes grains from 1/16 mm to 2mm, feels gritty between fingers |
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| granular material between sand and clay sized/ minerals quartz and feldspars, too small to see 1/256mm to 1/16mm |
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| less than 1/256mm in diameter feel smooth , too small to see |
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| made of calcite and some fossfiliferous/ can be either chemical or biochemical/grain sizes vary |
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| textural variation of limestone/ banded/ found in caves/ chemical/ masses of visible crystals/ has cavities or pores// made up of calcite/ effervesces in HCl |
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| textural variety of limestone/ found in spring deposites |
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| are geological records of biological activity. they may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism: for example, burrows, borings (bioerosion), urolites (erosion caused by evacuation of liquid wastes), footprints and feeding marks, and root cavities. |
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| individual grains undergo solutions and redisposition within rock, some grains grow larger and interlock (calcite & limestone) (lithification) |
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| or cross stratification; inclined layers of water flow, inclined in the direction of the current |
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| overlying materials (not necessarily rocks) are removed (by erosion, or other processes), which causes underlying rocks to expand and fracture parallel to the surface. Often the overlying material is heavy, and the underlying rocks experience high pressure under them, for example, a moving glacier. Pressure release may also cause exfoliation to occur. |
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| results from expansion or contraction of rock, caused by temperature changes. The polar climates are notorious for this occurance |
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| Salt crystallization, otherwise known as haloclasty, causes disintegration of rocks when saline (see salinity) solutions seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind. These salt crystals expand as they are heated up, exerting pressure on the confining rock. |
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| goldrich dissolution series |
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| is a way of predicting the relative stability or weathering rate of various minerals on the Earth's surface. He found that minerals that form at higher temperatures and pressures are less stable on the surface than minerals that form at lower temperatures and pressures.[2] This pattern follows the same pattern of the Bowen's reaction series, with the minerals that are first to crystallize also the first the undergo chemical weathering. |
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| large areas of continental crust typically associated with mountain ranges, particularly subduction zones or the roots of previously eroded mountains |
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| (in order from low to high grade) chlorite/ biotite/ garnet/ staurolite/ kyanite/ sillimanile |
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| is the chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids/ can happen to either igneous or metamorphic rocks |
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| foliated/ parent rock: mudstone or shale/ fine grained or no visible grains/ flat salty cleavage is well developed/ dull luster, breaks into hard flat sheets along the slaty cleavage |
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| lowest mineral on the mineral index for metamorphic grade |
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| lowest grade of coal – soft brown coal |
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| lava flow/volcanic glass/ extrusive igneous rock/ found in rhyolitic lava flows/ high silica content |
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| coarse grained (phaneretic) igneous rock/ composed of mostly olivine and pyroxene/ ultramafic/ derived from earth's mantle/ most abundant rock in the earth’s mantle |
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| the class of processes that causes the disintegration of rocks without chemical change. The primary process in physical weathering is abrasion (the process by which clasts and other particles are reduced in size). However, chemical and physical weathering often go hand in hand. Physical weathering can occur due to temperature, pressure, frost etc. |
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| a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. Porphyritic now refers to a texture of igneous rocks. |
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| detrital/ made up of rock fragments, quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals, may contain fossils/ common |
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| has fissiles (splits easily into layers)/no visible grains/made up of mostly clay, may contain fossils/detrital |
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| a regional metamorphic mineral/ brittle/ transparent to opaque/ ___ is one of the index minerals that are used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which a rock undergoes metamorphism. |
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| Explosive caldera type volcano (also mt. st. helens |
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| wide flood basalt plateau |
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| a type of stratovolcano (also mt. fuji) |
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| one of the largest granite formation in texas - pink |
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