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Polyatomic Anions
Hydroxide |
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Polyatomic Anions
Carbonte |
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Polyatomic Anions
Phosphate |
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| What is the most abundant mineral in your body? |
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| Metals usually occur as positively charged ions called cations. |
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| Nonmetal atoms usually occur as negatively charged ions called anions. |
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| What are the most important cations in your body? |
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| The addition of salt to water _____ the water's freezing point. |
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| ionic compounds in which the anion is neither oxide nor hydroxide |
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| What corner of the periodic table has the strongest electromagnetivity? |
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| Most but not all salts dissolve in water to form ions |
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| salts which dissolve in water to form ions are called electrolytes |
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| Give an example of an electrolyte |
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| Placing an electrolyte in water ____ the freezing point of water but it ____ raises the boiling point of water |
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| Why is calcium important in the body? |
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It is prominent in bones and teeth
blood clotting
muscle contraction
transmission of nerve impulses |
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| About how many known compounds are there? How many of those are organic compounds? |
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| the main element is carbon (lots of H, too) |
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| the ability of the atoms of an element to form bonds with themselves |
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| Carbon is the best catenator on the periodic table |
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| Does C form strong covalent bonds? |
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| Identify the subfamilies of hydrocarbons |
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Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics |
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| What is the general formula for aklanes? |
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| What bonds will you find in alkanes? |
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| c-to-c single bonds or c-to-h single bonds |
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| List the first ten unbranched chain alkanes |
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Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane |
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| What is the main component of natural gas? |
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| What is propane used for? |
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| heating fuel, gas grills, gas fireplaces |
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| Solid unbranched alkanes are... |
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| waxy, water-repellent compounds which are naturally found on plant surfaces, like leaves, and prevent water loss |
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| In line-angle formulas, the ends of line segments, and the intersection of two line segments, represent carbon atoms. |
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| Define: structural isomers |
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| they have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas |
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| CFC's are the products of alkane halogenation reactions. |
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| hydrocarbons with the general formula CmH2m in which some or all of the carbon atoms form rings |
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| Hydrocarbons which contain one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds. Alkenes with only one double bond have the general formula CmH2m. |
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| Simplest alkene is C2H4 (ethene; ethylene) |
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| it is the most important organic chemical compound |
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| Hydrocarbons which contain at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond. Alkynes having only one triple bond have the general formula CmH2m-2 |
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| Hydrocarbons that have alternating double and single bonds. |
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| What is the most common aromatic? |
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| What are the fossil fuels? (3) |
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Coal
Petroleum (Crude Oil)
Natural Gas |
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| Identify the formula for coal: |
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| Grades of coal from lowest carbon to highest carbon: |
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peat
lignite (brown coal)
bituminous coal (soft coal)
anthracite |
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| The ____ the carbon content, the more energy released when the coal is burned. |
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| Major sources of coal (countries): |
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| North America, Russia, Middle East |
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| A complex liquid mixture containing mostly hydrocarbons. |
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| Define: fractional distillation |
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Because it is a liquid mixture, various "fractions" of petroleum can be separated from each other based on boiling point.
Distillation is the process by which the components of a liquid mixture are separated from each other based on differing boiling points. As the mixture is heated, the low-boiling components turn to gas first, then the medium-boiling components, then the high-boiling components. |
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| Cracking is a chemical process by which molecules with longer carbon chains are broken into smaller ones suitable for gasoline. |
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| Premature ignition and knocking |
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| Unbranched alkanes and cycloalkanes tend to ignite prematurely and just from compression - they don't wait for a spark. Leads to poor fuel efficiency. |
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| Which has better combustion properties? |
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| Converting unbranched chain hydrocarbons to branched-chain hydrocarbons. |
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| a measure of the ability of a gasoline to generate power without engine knocking |
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| Different forms of the same element in the same physical state. |
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A phase diagram is a graph which shows the stable forms of a substance at various combinations of temperature and pressure.
Pressure is plotted on the y-axis and temperature is on the x-axis. |
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| The development of tiny, molecular machines |
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| substances with the same (or similar) structural units repeating again and again, long chains being formed; the structural units are called monomers |
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| Examples of natural polymers: |
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DNA
Proteins
Chitin
Wool
Silk
Chewing gum
Rubber |
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| polymers consisting of small compounds called amino acids joined together in long chains |
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| A polymer consisting of two or more different monomers |
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| Define: condensation polymer |
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| A polymer in which the monomers are joined together via removal of a small molecule |
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| Polycarbonates are an important type of condensation copolymer. What are they like and what are they used for? |
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| These are tough, clear-as-glass, polymers used in bullet-proof windows, lab safety glasses, and baby bottles. |
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| Define: addition polymers |
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| Polymers formed by many monomers adding together - without the loss of any atoms - to form a long chain. |
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| A very important addition polymer is polyethylene. |
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Two hydrocarbons with a double bond; 4 hydrogens
It is used in food wrap, artificial knees, and bullet-proof vests |
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| Another addition polymer is polyvinyl chloride (PVC.) |
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2 Carbons double bonded together, 3 H, 1 Cl
PVC has many uses; plasticizers are added to PVC to make it flexible |
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| Polystyrene is a very important addition polymer |
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| Used in CD cases, plastic utensils, plastic razors, Styrofoam, cups, etc |
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| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an important addition polymer |
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2 Carbons double bonded together with 4 F molecules
PTFE is highly chemical resistant and water repelling. It ahs a very low coefficient of friction. Used as teflon and on bullets. |
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| Polyisoprene is natural rubber. |
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| It stretches but it doesn't snap back to the natural position. That means it needs to be vulcanized. |
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| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Naphthalene is a PAH. They enter the environment from a number of combustion sources. |
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