Term
| involved in the signal transduction pathway for the detection of odorants |
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Definition
. A G protein
B. Adenylyl cyclase
C. A specific odorant molecule receptor
E. A cAMP gated ion channel |
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Term
| cellular response to signal transduction would include activation of transcription |
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Definition
| increased expression of certain genes |
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Term
| The active responder in the EnvZ signal transduction system is _______ and it _______ the protein _______. |
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Definition
| phosphorylated OmpR; increases the synthesis of; OmpC |
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Term
| Receptors resemble enzymes in that |
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Definition
| receptors and enzymes may be either integral membrane proteins or soluble proteins |
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Term
| The second messengers derived from a phospholipid membrane lipid |
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Definition
| include inositol trisphospate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). |
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Term
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Definition
| can allow the passage of particles as large as viruses from cell to cell |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| senses when the bacterium is in a region of high external solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| makes cAMP from ATP with the liberation of pyrophosphate (PPi). |
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Term
| signal molecules with cytoplasmic receptor |
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Definition
| A small nonpolar molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| permit metabolic cooperation among linked cells |
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Term
| Chemical signal transduction pathways |
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Definition
| involve binding of the signal molecule to receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to a receptor in the brain. |
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Term
| Hormones are chemical signals that |
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Definition
| travel through circulatory systems |
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Term
| An external stimulus causes a specific intracellular response. What is the most likely order in which signal transducers would work? |
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Definition
| G protein; cAMP; protein kinase |
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Term
| A universal feature of receptors is that they |
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Definition
| undergo structural (shape) changes when the signal molecule is bound |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a participant in some signal transduction pathways. |
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Term
| The phosphorylation of proteins by ATP |
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Definition
| is catalyzed by enzymes known as “protein kinases.” |
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Term
| The acetylcholine receptor is an example of a(n) _______ receptor, the insulin receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor, and the epinephrine receptor an example of a(n) _______ receptor |
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Definition
| ion channel; protein kinase; G protein-linked |
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Term
| cAMP is referred to as a “second messenger.” |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to the bilayer lipids and proteins, membranes may contain _______ in the form of _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| carbohydrates; glycoproteins; glycolipids |
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Term
|
Definition
Peripheral membrane proteins may be associated with the phospholipid head groups.
C. Integral membrane proteins can move in the plane of the membrane.
D. Some membrane proteins may have oligosaccharides attached to them |
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Term
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Definition
| is carried out by proteins that exhibit specificity for the molecules they transport |
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Term
| The sodium–potassium pump (or Na+–K+ pump) |
|
Definition
| results in the formation of a membrane potential across the plasma membrane |
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Term
| The _______ of animal cells resemble the _______ of plant cells. |
|
Definition
| gap junctions; plasmodesmata |
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Term
| The process of cell recognition in animals |
|
Definition
| is mediated by integral proteins in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| The biochemical reactions of biological membranes are carried out by _______ that may be either in contact with the interior of the bilayer (_______ to the membrane) or arranged on either side of the bilayer (_______ to the membrane). |
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Definition
| proteins; integral; peripheral |
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Term
| A comparison of the properties of the plasma membrane to those of the membrane of lysosomes would reveal that |
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Definition
| the two membranes have different proteins and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
Neurotransmitter secretion
B. Secretion of digestive enzymes in the pancreas
D. Secretion of cell wall materials in plants
E. Secretion of waste products |
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Term
| the following molecule would diffuse across a phospholipid bilayer fastest |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| specific integral membrane proteins mediate transport. |
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Term
| What would happen if a suspension of red blood cells in an isotonic NaCl solution was suddenly diluted with pure water by a factor of ten? |
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Definition
| The cells would swell and lyse (burst) |
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Term
| Secondary active transport resembles transport by ion channels in that |
|
Definition
| both types of transport can involve the movement of Na+ across the plasma membrane. |
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Term
| How can water, a polar molecule, cross biological membranes rapidly? |
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Definition
The diffusion of water is facilitated by aquaporins
Water enters cells together with ions |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| results in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles |
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Term
| The specificity of ion channels for the ions they transport is |
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Definition
| a result of the characteristics of the channel protein. |
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Term
| Phospholipids spontaneously form bilayer structures, but oils form small droplets. Why can't oils form bilayers? |
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Definition
| Oils do not have the polar head group that phospholipids have. |
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Term
| The plasma membrane maintains a voltage difference across it. This voltage difference |
|
Definition
| arises because the sodium–potassium pump pumps 2 K+ in and 3 Na+ out during one catalytic cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
A. be electrically excitable.
B. transform energy.
C. transduce signals.
D. organize chemical reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| the diffusion of water across membranes. |
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Term
| organelles is thought to have arisen from an endosymbiotic relationship with a prokaryote |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| includes the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| structure is involved with the movement of organelles within a cell |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are surrounded by a plasma membrane |
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Term
| Cilia and eukaryotic flagella |
|
Definition
| must have a motor protein that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power movement |
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Term
| Some proteins that are on the surface of mammalian cells contain carbohydrates. These proteins are synthesized by _______ and the sugars added in the _______. |
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Definition
| the rough endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus |
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Term
|
Definition
| are derived from the Golgi apparatus. |
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Term
| organelle involved in energy conversions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 9. Which of the following statements best describes what happens to the organelles of the pepper fruit cells as the fruit turns from green to red? |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts become chromoplasts |
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Term
|
Definition
| moves organelles within cells |
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|
Term
| function of the plasma membrane of eukaryotes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| organelles were probably once independent prokaryote organisms |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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|
Term
| Nucleic acids are found in |
|
Definition
. The nucleus
B. Mitochondria
D. Ribosomes
E. Prokaryotic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| present in nearly all plant cells. |
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Term
| processes carried out by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
Modification of proteins
C. Chemical modification of foreign molecules, including drugs
D. Lipid biosynthesis
E. Steroid biosynthesis |
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Term
| structure occupies the largest volume in a mature plant cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The extracellular matrix of animal cells |
|
Definition
holds cells together.
B. contains collagen.
C. contains proteoglycans.
D. is involved in chemical signaling between cells. |
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Term
| Which of the following proteins powers both the movement of cilia and vesicles within a cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant cells do not have lysosomes. What structure likely fulfills the function of lysosomes in plant cell |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The nucleus occupies the largest volume of the cell.
B. DNA replication takes place in the nucleus.
D. DNA in the nucleus combines with proteins.
E. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus. |
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