Term
|
Definition
| transcription factors in Wnt pathway. bound by beta catenin. turns on cell proliferation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signaling protein in Wnt pathway. gets constantly phosphorylated by APC complex and subsequently ubiquitinylated and degraded when pathway is in "off state."
if not phosphorylated (when Wnt binds frizzled), accumulates, enters nucleus, and binds to transcription factors LEF/TCF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a master switch that controls the balance of proliferation and
differentiation of colon cells and contains critical genes whose loss leads to colon cancer. key players: APC complex, frizzled receptor, beta catenin, LEF/TCF transcription factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic disease caused by mutations in APC complex. hundreds to thousands of colonic adenomas develop during the second and third decade of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor suppressor protein. collaborates with other proteins to phosphorylate beta catenin in the Wnt pathway. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pedunculated polypoid structure growing in the colon lumen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hyperfunctioning, mutated version of a gene that normally promotes specialization and growth of healthy cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene that produces proteins that regulate cell division; can inhibit cancer development by restricting mitosis |
|
|
Term
| adenoma-carcinoma progression |
|
Definition
| when colon cancer progress from normal mucosa to a benign tumor (adenoma) to invasive cancer, in an orderly fashion over several years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that promotes the specialization and growth of health cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generation of a solid tumor caused by increased cell division and/or decreased apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tube-like gland found in the lining of the colon and rectum. Intestinal stem cells live here and renew the lining of the intestine and make mucus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by differentiation of intestinal epithelial stem cells after 5-7 divisions. secretes mucin, lubricating the colon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adenoma and cancer development by age (FAP and general population) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| components of the mitotic apparatus |
|
Definition
spindle poles, mitotic spindles
kinetochore proteins |
|
|
Term
| how do sister chromatids separate during anaphase |
|
Definition
Cdc20 activates APC complex
APC complex destroys securin
cohesin complex exposed to separase |
|
|
Term
| structure of mitotic chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinase dependent on cyclin binding. kept in inactive state by T-loop. cyclin binding causes slight conformational change and mild activity. phosphorylation causes further conformational change and full activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
duplicated chromosomes condense
mitotic spindle forms (microtubules grow from centrosomes)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear envelope breaks down
mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes at centromere
centrosomes move to spindle poles at opposite ends of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that bind to the mid-portion of each sister chromatid and connect them to the spindle microtubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MTs capture chromosome's kinetochore
creation of bipolar spindle attachment
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds the 2 sister chromatids together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintains integrity of cohesin protein complex by binding separase and preventing it from degrading the cohesin proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protease that degrades cohesin proteins and starts anaphase
APC/C promotes activity by destroying securin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activated by Cdc20. degrades securin so that cohesins exposed to separase.
also marks M cyclin for proteasome degradation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microtubules shorten
sister chromatids separate, move toward opposite sides of the cell
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes decondense
contractile ring (actin and myosin filaments) divides 2 daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| levels of these proteins undergo cyclic variation with cell cycle. bound by a cdk for cdk activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phosphorylates a threonine residue in the cdk T loop. causes conformational change.
uses ATP --> The high-energy phosphate bond of ATP contributes a large negative free energy to the phosphorylation reaction, altering the equilibrium between the active (phosphorylated) and inactive conformations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes the addition of an inhibitory phosphate to Cdks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to cyclin/cdk complexes. in contrast to Wee1, can't inhibit more than one cdk at once because its action is through binding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marks G1/S cyclins for proteasome degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In G1/S transition: Removes inhibitory phosphate that Wee1 attaches to G1/S cdk.
In G2/M transition: removes inhibitory phosphate from M-cdk to allow continuation to mitosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S-phase transcription factor sequestered by Rb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G1/S cyclin-cdk target
sequesters E2F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
role in G1/S arrest: activated by DNA damage phosphorylates p53. activates checkpoint kinase (CHK) so that CHK can also phosphorylate p53. phosphorylated p53 dissociates from Mdm2 (tag for degradation) and goes on to stall cell cycle
role in G2 arrest: activates CHK so that CHK can phosphorylate CDC25, allowing 14-3-3 to muzzle and eventually help degrade CDC25. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activated by ATM/ATR kinases.
role in G1/S arrest: phosphorylate p53 so that it casts off Mdm2 and is stabilized.
role in G2 arrest: phosphorylate CDC25, allowing 14-3-3 to muzzle and eventually help degrade CDC25 --> M-cdk retains inhibitory phosphate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of abnormal DNA content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal transduction pathway resulting in expression of Myc gene. confers information of cell environment to nucleus (so that it can decide from its extracellular growth signals whether it wants to proceed through cell cycle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transcription factor for expression of target genes required for G1/S transition.
produced by ras-MAP kinase pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| targets p53 for destruction via the proteasome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits Mdm2
transcription of this gene is activated by Myc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
binds to CDC25, inactivating it
eventually helps CDC25 be degraded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits Cdc20, with help of Mad2
triggered if the kinetochore of a chromosome fails to capture spindle microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits Cdc20, with help of BUB
triggered if the kinetochore of a chromosome fails to capture spindle microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell death resulting in release of cellular contents to the surroundings --> provokes inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesized as inactive pro-proteins
made of heterodimers (small + large), which pair with other heterodimers to make an active enzyme
participate in a proteolytic biochemical cascade to induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 200bp cleaved formation of DNA caused by apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bubbles formed by plasma membrane blebbing during apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensation of nuclear chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleave and activate effector caspases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once cleaved by upstream components, cleave cellular proteins to cause apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| proteolytic biochemical cascade |
|
Definition
examples: caspases, blood clotting pathway
pathway amplified by activation of proteases |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic apoptosis pathway |
|
Definition
| apoptosis pathway mediated by extracellular signals such as FasL, TNFa, TRAIL |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic apoptosis pathway |
|
Definition
| apoptosis pathway mediated by intracellular signals such as growth factor withdrawal, DNA damage, excessive growth signaling (e.g. by oncogenes), viral infection and cell cycle abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce the extrinsic apoptosis pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds Fas death receptor, causing extrinsic apoptosis pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein that binds to cell to cause extrinsic apoptosis pathway activation.
the one that isn't Fas or TNFa.... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds TNFR1 to cause extrinsic apoptosis pathway activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fas and TNFR1
contain intracellular death domains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a death receptor. binds FasL. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a death receptor. binds TNFa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upon receptor binding, this intracellular domain stimulates the formation of a death inducing signaling complex formed with the adaptor protein FADD and pro-caspase 8. |
|
|
Term
| death inducing signaling complex (DISC) |
|
Definition
| formed upon death receptor ligand-binding. includes FADD adaptor protein and procaspase-8 molecules. by bringing procaspase-8 molecules together, facilitates cleavage to caspase 8 (initiator caspase). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to a scaffold protein - scaffolds only a few proteins together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adaptor protein of the DISC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiator caspase of the DISC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released by intrinsic apoptosis pathway. normally associated with mitochondrial inner membrane, forming part of electron transport chain. in apoptosis, bind apaf-1 and pro-caspase 9 to form the apoptosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound with pro-caspase 9 by cytochrome C. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound with apaf-1 by cytochrome c. gets autoactivated. with caspase-8, initiates caspase cascade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analog of DISC, but in intrinsic pathway. holds pro-caspase 9 and apaf-1 so that pro-caspase 9 autoactivates to caspase 9. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bcl-2 homology - anti and pro regulators of intrinsic apoptosis pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contained by ~all bcl2 family members. important for interactions with
other family members or proteins outside the Bcl-2 family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another antiapoptotic protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family
proteins. form pores in the mitochondrial inner membrane,
allowing the release of cytochrome c. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain BH3 but not the other BH domains. positive regulators of apoptosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released by permeabilized mitochondrial membranes. can directly damage proteins and membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a phospholipid produced by
sphingomyelinases, is a potent inducer of apoptosis -- even in absence of caspase activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released by mitochondria. cleave chromatin. sometimes require activation by caspases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a BH123 protein. pro-apoptotic. directly upregulated by p53. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated by PI3 kinase pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follicular B-cell lymphoma |
|
Definition
occurs when a pathological chromosomal translocation places the Bcl-2 gene under control of the regulatory
sequences for a different gene, the immunoglobulin heavy chain.expressed at high
levels, causing a shift in the balance toward anti-apoptosis,
and leading to uncontrolled growth of the cancer cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
directly inhibit caspases.
characterized by one or more repeats of a highly conserved ~70 amino acid domains
termed the baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR).
important
“gateway” to the apoptotic response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gel transfer protocol used to identify individual DNA molecules in a complex mixture based on size and complementarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gel transfer protocol used to identify individual RNA molecules in a complex mixture based on size and complementarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polymerase chain reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agarose = good sieve for typical DNA size analyzed (200-20,000 bp)
polyacrylamide = finer sieving gel is appropriate for shorter DNAs (1-500 bps) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purification process to isolate a single gene or gene fragment. limited to 10x purification since all possible duplex DNAs are actually quite similar in physical and chemical properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains origin of replication, antibacterial resistance gene, cluster of restriction nuclease cleavage sequences |
|
|
Term
| antibiotic resistance gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes RNA primer segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transesterification reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| repeat expansion diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| double-strand breaks (DSBs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transposition recombination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conservative site-specific recombination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| familial hyper-cholesterolemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunoglobin genes, T-cell receptor genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recombination activating genes (RAGs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recombination signal sequences (RSSs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general transcription factors (GTFs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carboxyl terminal domain (CTD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coupling (during elongation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superarchitecture of the genome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| histone acetyltransferase (HAT) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| histone deacetylase (HDAC) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
