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| people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
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| describes how societies have changed over the past 10,000 years. Points to the importance of technology. work helps us understand the great differences among societies that have existed throughout human history |
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| changes that occur as a society gains new technology |
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| only types of society until 12,000 years ago, still common several centuries ago. primitive technology. 25-40 people. nomatic. family connected, specialization is limited to age and sex, little social inequality. |
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| horticulture and pastoral societies |
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| 12,000 years ago, decreasing number after 3000 b.c.e. use hand tools for cultivating plants, pastoral societies are based on domestication of animals. settlements of several hundred people, connected through trading ties and societies of several thousands of people. small settlements, pastoralists are nomadic. family centered, religious system begins to develop, moderate specilization, increases social inequality. |
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| 5000 years ago, with large decreasing numbers today. animal-drawn plow. millions of people. cities become common but they generally contain only a small proportion of the population. family lose significance as distinct religious, political and economic systems emerge. extensive specilization, increased social inequality. |
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| about 1750 to present. advanced sources of energy. mechanizes production. millions of people. cities contain most of the population. distinct religious political economic, educational and family systems. highly specialized married social inequality persists lessening somewhat overtime. |
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| emerging in recent decades. computers that support and information-based economy. millions of people. population remains concentrated in cities. similar to industrial societies, with information processing and other service work gradually replacing industrial production. |
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| use of hand tool to raise crops |
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| large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources |
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| production of information using computer technology |
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| struggle between segments of society over valued resources |
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| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits |
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| people who sell their labor for wages |
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| only way out of the trap of capitalism. remakes society. system of production that could provide for social needs of all. |
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| experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
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| refers to conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power. |
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| human ideas, especially beliefs and values shape and society |
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| an abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon. |
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| values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
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| a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberates matter-of-fact calculations of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
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| condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals |
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| social bonds, based on common sentiments and shared moral values, that are among members of preindustrial societies |
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| social bonds based on specialization and interdependence that are strong among members of industrial societies |
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| lifelong experiences by which people develop their human potential and learn culture |
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| person fairly consistent patterns of thinking and feeling |
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| differences based on class, race, gender. parents tell you what to think, teach you about society |
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| meet people of different backgorunds; learning the difference. helps socialize children with gender roles. boys are pushed to science and sports while girls are pushed to art and creativity. how you should acat. |
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| social group whose members have interest. social position and age in common. lets children escape direct direct supervision of adults. offer the chance to discuss interest. learn relationships of their own. |
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| racial difference. boys- sports, video games. girls- phones, music videos. major role. sends messages, effects way gender and race are portrayed. |
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| means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audiences |
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| setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff |
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| radically changing an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment |
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| over exposed to rules and regulations of total institutions. difficult to adapt or live in mainstream society |
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| supervision. standardized environment. jail, mental hospitals, monastaires. |
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| breaking down inmates existing identity. building a new self through a system of rewards and punishments. |
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| greatest impact. race, social class, shape personality. |
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| knowledge and skills for life. social diversity |
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| process by which people act and react in relation to others. |
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| social position that a person holds |
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| all statuses a person holds at a given time |
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| involuntary positions. social positions a person receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life |
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| voluntary positions. social positions a person takes on voluntary that reflects personal ability and effort |
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| behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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| conflicting among the roles connected to two or more statues |
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| study of social interaction in the terms of theatrical performance |
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| persons efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others |
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| communication using body movements gestures and facial expressions rather than speech. words, voice, body language, facial expressions, demeanor, personal space. |
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