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| Has to have a minumum of carbon and hydrogen. They vary greately in size and structure and consist of a carbon skeleton and hydrocarbon. |
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| The core of an organic compound: usually a series of Carbon atoms bonded to each other and bonded to Hydrogens on the side. |
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| An organic compound made only of C and H. They are nonpolar and hydrophobic. |
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| A small group of atoms attached to a larger organic molecule, which gives that molecule most of its properties. They tend to be polar or ionic and therefore react with other molecules. |
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| A macromolecule made of repeated subunits (monomers) |
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| The repeated subunit (or building block) of a polymer (usually a medium-sized molecule). |
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| Making a bond in a polymer by ejecting one H2O (building polymers from monomers) |
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| Breaking a bond in a polymer by inserting one H2O (breaking down a polymer into a monomer) |
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| Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. |
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| An organic molecule made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. The formula is n(CH2O) |
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| A type of carbohydrate. They are simple sugars, the monomers of all other carbohydrates, and they contain 3-6 carbons. Their functions contain pentose and hexose sugars. |
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| Monosacchrides that are parts of the monomers of RNA and DNA. (ribose, deoxyribose) |
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| Monosaccharides that are the monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides. They also supply quick energy. (Glucose, fructose, galactose) |
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| Two monosaccharides that are joined by dehydration synthesis. Their function is quick bursts of energy. (sucrose, maltose, lactose) |
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| A carbohydrate made of 5 or more monosaccharides. |
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| A type of polysaccharides that has a function of storing energy. (starch and glycogen) |
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| Storage Polysaccharides made by plants. It comes in two forms: unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin. |
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| Storage polysaccharides made by animals. It's stored in liver and muscel cells. the structure is highly branched polymer of glucose. |
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| Structural Polysaccharides |
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Definition
| A type of polysaccharides that gives support and protection either to cells or a whole body. (cellulose and chitin) |
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| A structural polysaccharide made by plants. It's found in the cell wall and has no nutritenal value to humans. It's structure is long unbranched polymers of glucose units. |
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| Structural Polysaccharides that are found in cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods. The structure is it has CHO in an 1:2:1 ration and it also has N (nitrogen). It has no nutritional value to humans (indigestable) |
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| Made of C, H, O but the ration of H to O is greater than 2:1 meaning lots of hydrogen and very little oxygen. They are hydrophobic and soluble in nonpolar solvents because they have so few oxygen atoms. |
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| Lipids that have 1 glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids. |
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| 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. |
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| The monomers of proteins. The structure consists of radical group, carboxyl group, and amino group. The radical group makes one of these different from another. There is 20 types of these. |
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| The bond formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. The bonds are strong, covalent bonds. |
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| One of the four protein structures. A list of which amino acids make up a polypeptide and in what order. |
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| One of the four protein structures. Either an accordian-like "pleated sheet" or a coiled "alphahelix", held together by weak H-bonds between neighboring aa's. |
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| One of the four protein structures. Twisting and turning of a polypeptide around and through itself. It's caused by strong and weak bonds between distant aa's. |
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| One of the four protein structures. Just like tertiary but this deals with a branched protein (each color is a different branch on the structure figure). |
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| Changing its shape (by destroying H-bonds and ionic bonds), but keeping the same chemical composition. 3 causes are extreme heat, changing the proteins pH environment, and changing the salinity (saltiness) of the proteins environment. |
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| Monomers of nucleic acids. The structure consists of phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base. |
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| Thick Adenine and Guanine |
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| Thin Cytosine and Thymine |
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| That part of the DNA which codes for one polypeptide (unbranched protein). On one side of DNA, 3 successive N-bases (on 3 nucleotides) code for one aa. 1 aa = 3 nucleotides. |
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| All the organelles with membranes which are connected structurally, if not functionally, by their membrane. (Does not include mitochondria and chloroplasts) |
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| It's main function if to house chromosomes. This (and the chromosomes it contains) is said to be the brain of the cell. |
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| A structure made of 2 kinds of molecules: DNA wrapped around proteins. It's housed in the nucleus. |
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| Consists of two membranes on top of each other. Each membrain contains a phospholipid bilayer. Therefore it is actually made of 4 layers of phspholipids. It is also pockmarked with "nuclear pores", which let through ribosomes and mRNA. |
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| A thickly coiled area within a chromosome, which is actively producing ribosomes. It appears as a dark, circular area within the nucleus. |
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| A network of channels extending from nuclear pores to throughout the cytoplasm; functions as a highway to transport materials through the cell. |
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| Specializes in making and transporting proteins. It's dotted with tiny ribosomes. It makes proteins destined to be secreted from the cell. |
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| Produces and transports lipids and complex carbohydrates. In muscle cells, it contains "cysternae" filled with Ca+ ions needed for muscle contraction. In liver cells, it gets rid of excess cholesterol, and detoxified poisons by making them soluble in water so they can be excreted in urine. |
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Definition
| Stack of flattened, c-shaped pancakes (cysternae) which receives transport vesicles, packages groups of similar, refined molecules into secretory vesicles, and send out secretory vesicles for secretion from the plasma membrane via exocytosis. It's called the post office of the cell. |
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| Combining simple chemicals into more complex ones. |
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| Sacs filled with digestive enzymes. Functions: in some WBCs, they join with food vacuoles formed by phagocytosis to digest bacteria or cancer cells, autophagy, and autolysis. |
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| Digestion and recycling of old cell parts. |
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| Digestion of whole cell when it ages and all of its membranes (including those of lysosomes) begin to fall apart. |
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| The site of aerobic cellular respirating. It's called the "power house" of the cell. |
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| The process of breaking down glucose to release its energy to ATP. |
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| The molecule that can give glucose's energy to the cell to do work. |
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| The site of photosynthesis. |
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| Sited in chloroplasts. Plants make glucose and then store it as starch. |
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| A membrane-bound sac which is potentially empty unless filled with something. There are 3 kinds of these: Central, food, and contractile. |
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| Found in plants and occupy up to 90% of the cell. They store water and nutrients, dispose of metabolic wastes by recycling them into other compounds or storing as crystals, and act like lysosomes: break down old organelles. Tonoplast is the membrane. |
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| Found in protozoans and in certain human white blood cells. After smaller cells are ingested by phagocytosis (engulfing), the engulfed cell and its immediate surroundings form this inside the larger cell's cytoplasm. This later joins with a lysosome for digestion of the "food". |
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| Found in protozoa. It acts as beating pumps which remove excess water from the organism's fresh water surroundings that has entered the cell by osmosis. |
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| Peroxisomes aka Microbodies |
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Definition
| The smallest membrane-bound organelle. They are the sites where anti-oxidants (like vitamins C&E) neutralize oxidants (free radicals) like H2O, which would otherwise steal electrons and cause cancer & mutations. |
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Definition
| A network of fine cables throughout the cytoplasm; each cable is made of proteins. Contains 3 types of fibers: intermediate fibers, actin filaments (microfilaments), and microtubules. |
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Definition
| Maintains the shape of the cell by spanning cytoplasm and attaching to plasma membrane, like spokes of a wheel. |
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| Actin Filaments (Microfilaments) |
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Definition
| The thinnest type of fibers in cytoskeleton. They contract in order to move muscles, change cell shape by forming pseudopods in WBCs and amoebas, and cause cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. |
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| The thickest type of fiber in cytoskeleton. They can also contract in order to pull chromosomes apart during cell division (called spindle fibers) and move cilia and flagella. |
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| False feet extended from cell and grab and engulf "prey" by phagocytosis. It's found in amoebas and is moved by microfilaments. |
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| A single (sometimes more), long "tail" coming out of a sperm cell in all animals and plants. Used like a whip for locomotion in eukaryotic cells (utilize an internal 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules to bend. It works like a propellor in prokaryotic cells (only structure in the living world to utilize a complete rotary motion making flagellated bacteria motion speed faster for their size than any other organism) |
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| Tiny hair-like projections of the cell membrane. |
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| Cylinders of cytoskeleton fibers. They act as anchors for spindle fibers, which pull apart chromosomes during cell division. |
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| A pair of centrioles at right angles of each other, found outside the nucleus. It only occurs while the cell is not dividing. During sell division, these split into two centrioles. |
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Definition
| A slippery molecule floating with the phospholipits. It therefore breaks up "logjams" of the phospholipids. |
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Definition
| These introduces holes in the membrane whose shapes allow specific substances thru, which the phospholipid would otherwise reject. |
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Definition
| A specific substant lands on the receptive surface of the protein which closes then opens on the other end, letting the substance thru. The shapes of the two molecules must match. |
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| The receptor protein is shaped to "catch" a specific hormone. It then releases a molecule which diffuses into the nucleus, turns on a gene, and the cell responds. |
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Definition
Functions:
1. Communication with other cells and self-identification.
2. Give the cell shape and protection.
3. Selectively permeable. |
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Definition
| Aka Antigens. Their mostly made of proteins. They identify cell as to tissue type and as belonging to a particular individual. They keep the body from having and immune response against itself. |
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| Receptors in Cell Membranes |
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Definition
| Also made of proteins. They recieve hormones from other cells which tell this cell what to do. |
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Definition
| This movement relies on kinetic energy already in the system. No additional source of energy is needed to move materials across the cell membrane. |
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Definition
| Energy that causes matter to move (in this case it is body heat). |
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| This movement requires additional energy (besides the kinetic energy in the system) to move the particles across the cell membrane. The energy comes directly from ATP. |
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| Spreading of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. As they diffuse, the particles move "down their concentration gradient." Particles continue to diffuse across a membrane until both sides of the membrane are in equilibrium. |
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Definition
| Passive transport of substancs across the cell membrane, but to which the phospholipids in the cell membrane are impermeable. Transport proteins grab the substance on one sie of the cell membrane and release it on the other side. |
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Definition
| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, in response to a difference in solute concentrations on either side of the membrane. |
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Definition
| Ability of a solution to draw water across a selectively permeable membrane from another solution. It is measured as the pressure of the water flowing across the membrane. |
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| 2 or more solutions with the same solute concentrations. |
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| Solution A is this to Solution B if Solution A has a higher solute concentration than B. |
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Definition
| Bursting of a hypertonic red blood cell. |
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Definition
| Bursting of any hypertonic animal cell. |
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| Solution A is this to solution B if solution A has a lower solute concentration than B. |
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Definition
| The shrinking of a hypotonic red blood cell. |
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Definition
| Transport proteins carry impermeable substances across the cell membrane, but the substances cross the membrane against their concentration gradients; i.e. from low to high concentration. Requires energy from ATP (40% of the cell's ATP goes to this. |
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Definition
| A molecule diffuses into a cell against its concentration gradient by bonding with another molecule that isn't going against its concentration gradient. |
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Definition
| Movement of large molecules or particles in either direction across the membrane. Because the cell membrane is changing shape, this requires extra energy from ATP. |
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| Engulfment of large molecules or particles by a cell membrane changing shape to surround them. |
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| Engulfment of large particles (can be small cells), pseudopods (false feet) are formed to engulf the object, amoebas feed this way; some white blood cells do it to bacteria and cancer cells. |
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| Engulfment of droplets of extracellular fluid, containing various large molecules. Called "cell drinking". Happens in cells of placenta: embryo drinks in mother's fluids. |
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| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| Exactly like pinocytosis except here receptors in "coated pits" bind with specific molecules dissolved in the solution outside the cell. Drops of the solution are then engulfed. |
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| Opposite of endocytosis - substances are brought out of the cell. Happens when things like hormones, enzymes or mucus are secreted from a cell. |
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| One of the four types of cell junctions. Its result is it is the strongest cell junction which is found in areas of great wear and tear (between muscle cells) |
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Definition
| One of the four types of cell junctions. The result is it slows diffusion between cells and is found where cells of different tissue types meet. |
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Definition
| One of the four types of cell junctions. These are channel proteins forming holes (gaps) between two adjoining cell membranes. The result is it speeds diffusion between cells. |
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| One of the four types of cell junctions. It is gap junctions between plant cells, spanning 2 plasma membranes and 2 cell walls. It's purpose is to allow H2O and sap to flow between plant cells. |
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