Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior due to an experience |
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Term
| what is required to learn? |
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Definition
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Term
behaviorists rejected what 2 theories?
why? |
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Definition
structuralism and functionalism
you cant measure them |
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Term
| behaviorists made what 4 assumptions |
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Definition
behavior has causes and it follows psychological laws
all behavior is predetermined
the environment affects ones behavior
explanations using wants, needs, desires are useless |
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Term
| what is classical conditioning |
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Definition
| the process by which an organism learns a new association between 2 stimuli- a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response |
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Term
| who did an important study on classical conditioning |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus that produces a biological reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| the behavioral response that is produced from an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a neutral stimulus that produces a non-remarkable response but with the appropriate learning it will eventually produce a response |
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Term
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Definition
| the response produced after classical conditioning has taken effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| the learning of a classical conditioning response |
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Term
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Definition
| the gradual extinguish of a classical conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary return of a previously extinguished response after a delay |
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Term
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Definition
this belief means that things had to occur close to each other in time
pavlov |
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Term
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Definition
this belief thought when one stimulus occurs, it predicts the next one is definitely going to occur
Rescorla and Wagner |
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Term
| what are the 3 paradigms in classical conditioning |
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Definition
forward delay procedure
forward trace procedure
backwards procedure |
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Term
| what is forward delay procedure |
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Definition
| turn on one stimulus and then the next but not simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| needs a slight memory trace and conditioning gets harder |
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Term
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Definition
| timing isnt important, its about prediction |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in behavior due to the consequences acting on that behavior |
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Term
| what are the 4 ways to change behavior |
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Definition
positive/negative reinforcement
positive/negative punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| doing a behavior gets a reward in order to increase that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior receives a negative reward in order to decrease that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
behavior gets something removed in order to increase that behavior
ex. doing chores and removing a week of grounding |
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Term
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Definition
| taking something away to decrease the behavior |
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Term
| what are the 4 key concepts in operant conditioning |
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Definition
shaping
chaining
generalization
extinction |
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Term
| shaping (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| rewarding successive approximations toward a goal |
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Term
| chaining (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| linking a sequence of shaped behaviors together |
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Term
| generalization (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| responding in similar contexts |
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Term
| extinction (operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| decrease in operant responding by stopping the reard |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of a reward immediately following the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reward not every time but during a time frame |
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Term
| fixed ratio (partial reinforcement) |
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Definition
| a reward received only after a fixed number of behaviors |
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Term
| fixed interval (partial reinforcement) |
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Definition
| reward received only after a time period |
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Term
| variable ratio (partial reinforcement) |
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Definition
doing the behavior but not knowing when the reward comes
ex. gambling |
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Term
| variable interval (partial reinforcement) |
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Definition
| doing the behavior but not knowing how much time must pass to receive the reward |
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Term
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Definition
| process of retaining information and of the information itself as retained |
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Term
| Free recall (studying memory) |
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Definition
| response to questions without any cues |
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Term
| cued recall (studying memory) |
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Definition
| response to questions with hints provided |
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Term
| recognition (studying memory) |
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Definition
response to questions from a list of choices
multiple choice |
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Term
| savings (studying memory) |
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Definition
| time saved during relearning trial. if after a time period it is still recalled it has been retained |
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Term
| short term memory capacity |
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Definition
| 7+/- items or chunks of information |
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Term
| short term memory duration |
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Definition
| unlimited with rehearsal or 20 seconds |
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Term
| long term memory capacity |
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Definition
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Term
| long term memory duration |
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Definition
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Term
| long term memory subsystems |
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Definition
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Term
| Declarative long term memory |
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Definition
episodic- memories from a certain time in life
semantic- piling up of memory and facts |
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Term
| procedural long term memory |
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Definition
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Term
| phonological loop (working memory) |
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Definition
| storage and rehearsal mechanism |
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Term
| visuospatial sketchpad (working memory) |
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Definition
| like phonological loop but for visual stimuli |
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Term
| central executive (working memory) |
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Definition
| attentional shift / multitasking component |
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Term
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Definition
| events experienced under high emotional arousal that lead to vivid and confident memories |
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Term
| what chemicals are released to cause a flashbulb memory |
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Definition
| norepinephrine and stress hormones at high levels |
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Term
| what is the innocence project |
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Definition
| over 250 death penalty cases have been exonerated in which 75-80% were eyewitness mistakes |
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Term
| how were police lineups fixed |
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Definition
double blind procedures
uses absolute judgement by using a sequential lineup |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of amnesia |
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Definition
Retrograde
anterograde
global |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot remember events prior to brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot remember events after brain damage |
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Term
| what happened in MR HM's case |
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Definition
he had frequent seizures so had a brain surgery in attempt to reduce them
he could not remember anything but he could still learn |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot remember past or new events |
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Term
| Alzheimers disease symptoms |
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Definition
minor forgetfulness to complete memory loss
forget recent memories but recall old ones
gradual loss of cognitive function
mood and perceptual disturbances |
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Term
| what rate does alzheimers progress |
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Definition
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Term
| alzheimers patients lose how much of their brain function each year |
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Definition
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Term
| 50% of alzheimers cases are caused how |
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Definition
| a bad variation of chromosome 19 |
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Term
| 40% of alzheimers cases are caused how |
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Definition
| idiopathic (non genetic) and researchers dont know the cause |
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Term
| amyloid plaques (alzheimers) |
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Definition
| extracellular debris surrounding the neurons that accumulate around synapses. causes one neuron to not be able to communicate with another |
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Term
| fiber tangles (alzheimers) |
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Definition
| intracellular debris that prevents neurons from communicating easily |
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Term
| brain cell loss (alzheimers) |
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Definition
| brain is no longer viable with all the other gunk affecting it. |
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Term
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Definition
no cure yet
boost of Acetylcholine improves brain function a small amount but the side effects are horrible |
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Term
| Operational perspective on intelligence |
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Definition
| have to be able to measure it (GPA, ACT, IQ) |
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Term
| conceptual perspective on intelligence |
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Definition
| inferred processes that explain different degrees of adaptive success in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| measured attention, memory, and verbal skills that would predict performance in skill |
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Term
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Definition
Age specific
gave a single score with many sub-scores: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed |
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Term
| J Raven progressive matrices |
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Definition
| major concern was culture bias. his test requires abstract visual reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
reliability
validity
utility |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the rules for administering and interpreting the test
idea behind this is that the test should be the same for everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the distribution of the test scores |
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Term
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Definition
james flynn saw a rise of test scores
effect is seen across all traditional IQ tests
low end scores showed best increase |
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Term
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Definition
people attend school longer
become familiar with test format
parental involvement in education increases
greater environmental complexity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
intelligence was a monarchic idea
evidence showed that if you are good at one thing then you can be good at all things |
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Term
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Definition
Area 46 in the frontal lobe is also known as the executive function region and correlates with IQ
size of the area is what matters
can be born with large lobe or acquire it through practice |
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Term
| how did R Cattel modify Spearmans G Factor theory |
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Definition
said it had 2 components
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence |
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Term
| fluid intelligence (G Factor) |
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Definition
power to use thinking and reasoning
peaks and declines |
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Term
| Crystallized intelligence (g factor) |
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Definition
acquired skills, knowledge, etc.
continued growth |
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Term
| Who made the theory of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
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Term
| what is Howard gardner's claim about intelligence |
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Definition
it exists in many unrelated forms
language, music, logic, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who is gifted in one or more areas |
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Term
| idiot-savant intelligence |
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Definition
| someone who is gifted in one area but scores low in others |
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Term
| what did pavlovs classic study involve |
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Definition
| the salivary reflex in dogs |
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Term
| What was the unconditioned stimulus/response in pavlovs classic study |
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Definition
the unconditioned stimulus was the dog food
the unconditioned response was the salivating dog |
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Term
| what was the conditioned stimulus/response in pavlovs classic study |
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Definition
the conditioned stimulus was the bell
the conditioned response was the salivating dog |
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