Architecutre (and Art) change in

Europe due to WWI

-large need for rebuilding

-major housing shortages

-large political nad social change

Picaso, Mandrian, Kandinsky

Cubism

Absrtaction

Fractionism

Walter Gropius

(1883-1969)

-father was profession architect

-studied architecture in school

-known for theoretical constructs that fuel ideas

Fagus Shoe Factory (1912)

Walter Gropius

-glass curtin walls

-corner = free of masiontry

-simple, rectangular massing

-flat roofs

The Bauhaus (1926) Germany

Walter Gropius

-Design school

-no concrete massing on corners

-complete break from Bozart Education

-NO symetrical, axiality, technical education

-WAS sculptural peice, free flowing, abstract

-Craftsmanship and arts (fine arts)

-Has no set front or back

-Road running under building 

-Nature of material and manufactuing process

-Asymetrical/Lack of ordimentaion

-Abstract, sculptural

-Collaboration between concentraions

-Geometric shapes and solids

-Walls of plate glass

-Nature of materials & manufacturing process

-Apearence of symplicity

-industrial, mass produced materials

Gropius House (1938) Lincoln, MA

Walter Gropius

-now head of Arch. Dept. at Harvard

-Wanted to collaborate between majors

-Made him not well like at the school

-Left Europe to excape war & criticizing of Bauhaus

-Trying to make statement

-Doesnt fit landscape (people notice it)

Harvard Graduate Center (1948) 

Walter Gropius

-Abstract & sculptural

-Free flowing

-no ordimentation

-collaboration between landscape, planning, arch. etc.

-Glass, concrete, steel

-New building type (not predictable)

JFK Building, Boston

Walter Gropius

PanAm Building, NYC

Walter Gropius

Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe

(1886-1969)

-Theorist and Architect

-Studied architecture (actual architect)

-Universal Architecture

          -International style (Johnson, Barr)

          -As apposed to Modern

Friedrichstrasse skyscraper (1922)

-Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe

-not built (couldn't be)

Brick Villa (1923) 

Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe

-A key spacial ideal

-Abstract lines = makes a building

-Like Wrights floorplans

-Not Built

-Ideals from prarrie house (plus further abstraction)

Barcelona Pavillion (1929)

Louis Mies Van der Rohe

-For Worlds Fair (after WWI)

-Columbs & roof plated in chrome = almost dont appear

-Roof appears to "float"

-Seperation between structure and enclosure

-opaque/translusent depending on light & angle veiw

-Surfaces mirrored/opaque

Bacelona Chair

-Designed for this home

Tungenhat House (1930) Czech Republic

Mies Van Der Rohe

-crome plated columbs = roof apears to float

-rational & stratforward

-open, free flowing spaces

-horizontal emphisis (Wright)

-Abstraction

Illinois Institute of Technology in 194o

Chicago

-Want/demand for tall building

-unlike Boston who wanted only short

Crown Hall (1956) 

Illinois Institute of Technology

Mies Van der Rohe

-Movable partitions

-Glass exterior walls (natural light)  **his first glass box**

-"less is more"

-Make you look at the structure

-Abstraction and refernce to new classical qualities

-Steel → Concrete (fire proof) → Steel on top

-Grid Layout

Farnsworth Hall (1951) Plano, IL

Mies Van der Rohe

-Not a functional (entertaining only)

-open glass box 

-Not about owner (no personal prefernece)

-Not like prarie house (no function)

-Grid Layout

Lakeshore Drive Apartments (1951) Chicago

Mies Van der Rohe

-Glass and steel

-shift to residential (first steel residential highrise)

-Conner Detail → wants people to notice little detail

-"God is in the details"

-Steel structure and roof seperated from interior

-Grid layout

Seagram Building (1958) NYC

Weis Van der Rohe

-elegant and tall

-NYC did not have many highrises yet

-travertine plinth, between 2 symmetrical pools

-Lays out on gird

-Express steel on exterior (verticality)

-Not nessisary, for asthetic

-Like Guaranty building (*Sullivan)

Le Corbusier

(1887-1965)

-Light and Volume

-Started as an engraver → Painter → General Artist

-Geometric forms, that can be picked out of objects

-Still pure geometry

-Abstract in basic elements

-Started purism (his architecture)

-Geomery & proportion (what make building)

-Drew elevations and facade in same drawings

-Educated himself (explored and drew)

Istambul Skyline

Le Corbusier

-Space economy of line

Maison Dom-ino (1914) 

Le Corbusier

-Idea for post WWI in Europe

-A machine for living

-Address housing need

-Basic plan/elements: floor, celing, stairs

Rational Architecture 

Le Corbusier

-Based on demensions of human body

-Proporsional sytem with average man

-What made sence to him

-Not like Mies grid (mechanics and structural systems)

-Mies = intelectual way to think

Maison La Roche (1923) Jeanneret

Le Corbusier

-Derailded from rebuilding for "normal: people and designed for the wealthy

- Starts exploration

-Paths of movement through space (new points of veiw)

-Stilts, raise building (cars under it)

-See materials in different ways

Villa Stein (1923)

-Harmony, order, classical work

-Regulating geometrys

-Modularly proportional

-Ribbon windows, regulating volume

-Similar to Paladio (how proportial systems are similar)

Le Corbusier's 5 Points

(told us to know)

1) Pilotis lift building above ground

2) Free plan - seperate structure from facade

3) Free Facade - only skin of exterior

4) Ribbon windows

5) Roof Gardens

Villa Savoye (1931) France

Le Corbusier

-Desinged as weekend getaway (entertaining)

-Cars under building = pathway

-Living spaces in new areas, raised above ground

-Prominade architecture

-An object in space

-Where is entrance?

-Don't know its a residence

-Produced by mechanical means (concrete and steel)

-Pilotis →building raised off ground

→Maximum vtility

→economic (object type = pure concrete columbs)

Villa Savoye (1931) France

Le Corbusier

-Ramps = look at building while your in it

-How he wants you to see it

-Volumes, planar elemets, openings and windows

-Lighting = abstract

Le Corbusier's Paris plan

-Skyscrapers

-Lots of housing

-Pedestrians walk on top of traffic

-Layed out on a grid

L'Unite d'Habitation (1953) France

Le Corbusier

-his first/only skyscraper

-Still same ideals

-Sun break-ressesed windows (shade)

-Thought about how people lived (conciousness)

-Roof garden with concrete forms

Ronchamp (1954) France

Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut

Le Corbusier

-Religous Building

-No paloties (break)

-Free Facade

-Concrete structure

-None of his 5 points (travel changed him)

-Break from rationalism (his own new way)

La Tourette (1957) Southern France

Le Corbusier

-Looks like Boston city hall

-Don't know what goes on in interior

Chandigarh (1959) India

Parlament Building

Le Corbusier

-Where did roof come from? 

-Like Christian Science Center

-Ideas not recognisable-very abstracted

 -Deep loggias, roofscapes, water elements = Mogul tradtions

-Like Colinade Brunileski designed

Chandigarh (1959) India 

Parlament Building

Le Corbusier

-Grid layout

-Concrete forms on roof

- Interior Columbs = minimum, only express what they do

-Geometric abstractions

Palace of Justice (1956) India

Le Corbusier

-Don't know where entrance is

-Recessed Windows

-Plan is rational (think) - Actually less rational

Carpenter Center (1964) Harvard

Le Corbusier

-Only building in USA

-Walking patheay through building

-Listened to the community and their needs

-Expressive concrete (unfinished)

-concrete = own expressive element

-Deep recessed windows

-Ramps of different travel (different veiws)

Christian Science Center, Boston

I. M. Pei

-influenced by Corbusier

-Water, modularity, concrete, free form roof

Boston City Hall, Boston

Kallmann McKinnell & Wood

-Influenced bu Corbusier

-Recessed windows

-Raised off ground

-Use of ramps/walkways both up to and surrounding