Term
| LEGAL CODES AND REGULATING BODIES INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS |
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Definition
a. Zoning Regulations
b. Building Codes
c. Life Safety Codes
d. Access Standards
e. Additional Legal Influences and Directives |
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Definition
| primary purpose is the protection of property rights and investment stability; zoning codes prescribe land usage and regulate the function, size and certain exterior aspects of a building |
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Term
Land Development Codes and Zoning Regulations address
Use Regulation |
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Definition
| Types of use permitted, building setbacks, height limitations, maximum lot coverage, historic site and district regulations |
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Term
Land Development Codes and Zoning Regulations address: Environmental Management
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Definition
| Landscape requirements, site alteration and tree removal regulations, Storm Water Management and flood control, protection of natural resources |
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Term
| Land Development Codes and Zoning Regulations address:Development Standards |
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Definition
| Signage, parking and loading, driveways, air quality, fences and retaining walls |
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Term
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Definition
Legal restrictions intended to protect public health, safety and welfare by setting a minimum standard of construction quality. Primary intention is to prevent total collapse of building structure until occupants have safely exited the building
are not concerned with protection of property |
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Term
| International Building Code |
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Definition
intended to unify and standardize building codes in the
U.S., replacing the following: |
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Definition
| used in the northeast and parts of the Midwest |
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Definition
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Term
| SBC -Standard Building Code |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Legal restrictions and standards addressing safety to life from fire and other related hazards (fire, smoke, fumes, panic) in buildings. |
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Definition
| Regulate the design of building elements such as stairs, entrances, and doors to assure that they are accessible to physically handicapped members of society |
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Term
| Additional Legal Influences and Directives |
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Definition
| 1. LEED 2. Neighborhood Covenants and Design Guidelines 3. Ecological Review 4. Historical Review Committees or Preservation Boards 5. Energy Systems and Efficiencies |
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Term
| BUILDING CODES PRIMARY CATEGORIES |
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Definition
| 1. Occupancy Classification 2. Fire Resistive Requirements 3. Egress Requirements 4. Structural Systems and Load-Carrying Capacities 5. Energy Systems and Efficiencies |
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Term
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Definition
a. Type of User: Age, Health, Knowledge of Facility or Building Elementary School (E) has small children
Hospital (I) has large number of ill or temporarily disabled occupants Office Building (B) typically has mostly able bodied adults
the school and hospital would have more restrictive requirements to allow for more time to exit the building |
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Term
| Density/Number of Occupants |
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Definition
Factory (F)= high square footage per number of occupants Theater (A)= low square footage per number of occupants
the theater would have more restrictive egress requirements than the factory due to capacity |
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Term
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Definition
Governs materials and fire resistance of building elements. Every building is classified into at least one of 5 types of construction:
Type I (most restrictive; non-combustible; example: concrete) through
Type V (least restrictive; combustible; example: light wood framing) |
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Term
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Definition
The given period of time a building component maintains the ability to confine a fire
and/or continues to perform a given structural function
Measured in hours or fractions of hours; example: 2 hour rating |
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Term
| Flame Spread Rating/Smoke Development |
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Definition
numerical value or classification given to a material or system based on the amount of flame produced (flame spread index) and the spreading that may occur as well as the density and toxicity of smoke given off when the material burns (smoke
development index). Class A (most restrictive) through Class C (least restrictive) |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuous and unobstructed way of exit travel from any point in a building to a public way (a yard, court, street, or approved open space). |
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Term
| Travel Distance to an Exit |
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Definition
| The distance that occupants have to travel from their position in a building to the nearest exit. |
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Term
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Definition
| width of egress components (doors, corridors, stairs etc.); capacity must be sufficient for occupant load |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when occupants in a space are able to travel in only one direction to reach any of the exits or to reach a point where a choice of paths to two distinct exits is possible. Must be calculated as part of the travel distance to an exit. |
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Term
| Dead End (space or corridor) |
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Definition
| occurs when occupant may enter a corridor or space thinking there is an exit at the end and must retrace the path traveled to again reach a means of egress. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way out of building that does not conform to strict definition of means of egress (a door or passage independent of or remotely located from means of egress). Cannot be included as a part of Means of Egress Requirements |
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Term
| LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Rating System |
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Definition
The dominant method for measuring and certifying the energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings.
Developed and administered by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). |
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Term
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Definition
to provide a consistent rubric for measuring and comparing building performance
• sustainable site development • water saving • energy efficiency • material selection
• interior environmental quality to promote an integrated “whole-building design” approach |
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Term
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Definition
| approaches the design and construction process as an integrated system (as opposed to the conventions of components and/or sequential procedures). |
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Definition
• to recognize professional leadership in sustainability within the design and construction of our built
environment
• to encourage competition across the fullest breadth of the building industry - professional disciplines (architecture, engineering, construction, etc), alternative energy production, material development and conservation, etc.
• to increase public awareness of the impact and effectiveness of sustainable design and construction strategies
• to shift the architecture and building professions to more efficient, responsible and sustainable methods of practice. |
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Term
| LEED 9 Categories for Assesment |
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Definition
New Construction
Existing Buildings:Operations and Management
Commercial Interiors
Core and Shell
Schools
Retail
Healthcare
Homes
Neighborhood Development |
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Term
| Six Categories of Assesment for Points |
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Definition
| Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Air Quality Innovation and Design Process |
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Definition
| Reduce pollution from construction activities by controlling soil erosion, waterway sedimentation and airborne dust generation. |
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Term
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Definition
Create and implement an Erosion and Sedimentation Control (ESC) Plan for all construction activities associated with the project. The ESC Plan shall conform to the erosion and sedimentation requirements of the 2003 EPA Construction General Permit OR local erosion and sedimentation control standards and codes, whichever is more stringent. The Plan shall describe the measures implemented to accomplish the following objectives:
␣ Prevent loss of soil during construction by stormwater runoff and/or wind erosion, including protecting topsoil by stockpiling for reuse.
␣ Prevent sedimentation of storm sewer or receiving streams.
␣ Prevent polluting the air with dust and particulate matter.
The Construction General Permit (CGP) outlines the provisions necessary to comply with Phase I and Phase
II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. While the CGP only applies to
construction sites greater than 1 acre, the requirements are applied to all projects for the purposes of this prerequisite. |
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Term
California Academy of Sciences by Renzo Piano
Strategies for LEED achievement |
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Definition
– Re-use or incorporation of existing building elements – 90% of construction/demolition waste recycled (particularly noted for recycled elements from original building)
– Incorporation of recycled materials within new assembly • All of the structural steel
• Insulation (repurposed denim insulation) – Capture/employ heat from mechanical systems
– Multivalent consideration of roof |
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Term
| California Academy of Sciences Multivalent consideration of roof |
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Definition
• By installing intensive green roof strategies, the storm-water runoff is reduced by 90%
• The vegetation creates a 2.5 acre “park” for habitation by numerous native species (plants/insects/birds)
• Integration of over 55,000 PV cells at the roof edge/canopy generates over 5% of the building’s overall energy consumption (approximately 213,000 kilowatt hours)
• Integrated automated skylights provide both natural daylighting and ventilation through the roof |
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Term
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Definition
| A pond that stores stormwater runoff and allows it to percolate through the ground and evaporate into the air. It does not release the water to another stormwater system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stormwater system that stores stormwater for a limited of time and releases it to another system at a controlled rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| An underground stormwater drainage system that allows stormwater to percolate or absorb into the surrounding soils. |
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Term
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Definition
Settlement that is non-uniform throughout the footprint of the building and can cause significant problems within the
building, ranging from wall and ceiling distortions, sloping floors, cracked walls and glass, misalignment in doors, inoperable windows, and in extreme cases, envelope and structural failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a driven or drilled long, slender[image] foundation element. May be made of treated timber poles, (more common with smaller buildings), steel H- sections, concrete-filled pipes, or precast concrete (more common than timber poles, especially with larger buildings) |
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Definition
| - depends principally on the bearing resistance of the soil or rock beneath the feet of the piles. Surrounding earth mass provides lateral stability. |
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Term
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Definition
| epends principally on the frictional resistance of the surrounding earth mass against the skin of the piles. This friction is developed as the pile is driven into the ground, and is limited by soil adhesion and shear strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concrete cap that transfers foundation loads to multiple piles beneath. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large diameter, deep reinforced- concrete foundation element made by drilling a hole into the ground and filling it with concrete |
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Term
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Definition
| a caisson that is drilled into solid rock in order to gain additional friction support. |
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Term
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Definition
| socketed caissons that have a steel H-section core with concrete-filled pipe casing. |
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Term
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Definition
| he bottom portion of a foundation resting directly on the supporting soil with an area larger than that of the supported wall or a column |
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Definition
| individual spread footings that support freestanding columns, piers or grade beams |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous spread footing for foundation walls |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforced concrete footing extending below a row of columns |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforced concrete beam supporting a bearing wall at or near ground level, transferring the load to footings, piers or piles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick, heavily reinforced concrete slab that serves as a single, monolithic footing for a number of columns (or entire building). Often used when soils have low bearing capacity and interior column footings become excessively large. May be stiffened with ribs, beams or walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| a foundation system that uses a mat foundation placed deep enough so that the weight of the excavated soil is equal or greater than the weight of the building above. (typically associated with yielding soils) |
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Term
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Definition
| the depth of soil below which groundwater will not freeze |
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Term
| Perforated Drain Tile/French Drain |
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Definition
| a trench covered with gravel that redirects groundwater away from an area or foundation. Often have perforated pipes running along the bottom of the trench to accelerate drainage. |
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Term
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Definition
| a water-pervious material system that allows water to pass while preventing the passage of file soil particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall to resist the water intrusion through capillary action |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquid or sheet material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall or floor to resist the intrusion of groundwater under hydrostatic pressure (as opposed to capillary action). |
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Term
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Definition
| a pit used to collect water, from where it is pumped out. Frequently used when building elements extend below the water table. |
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Term
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Definition
| wall assembly systems that have a direct association with structural performance of the building |
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Term
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Definition
wall assembly systems that are independent of the primary structural system for the building
typical systems :
Curtain wall assemblies Cladding systems Membrane and taught skins |
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Definition
| joints between different parts of an entire building |
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Term
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Definition
| joints between individual components of an assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| helptoaccommodatemovementduetoenvironmental changes (temperature, moisture) |
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Term
| Structure/Enclosure Joints |
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Definition
| arecomplete separations within an assembly where structural components meet non- structural components of the building enclosure. For example, the joint between the top of a non-load bearing walls that connects to the underside of a structure frame; or when a wall or column meets a non- structural slab-on-grade. In both cases, the joint should allow for adequate movement between the systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| arefullseparationjointsoccurringbetweendifferent systems of construction, such as a the connection between a light- gauge steel framed wall and a brick wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in two forms. For concrete slabs, helps to direct and cracks that may occur during the curing process. They are not intended to aid with expansion, but rather accept the fact that rigid or brittle materials may form cracks. In masonry construction, is a continuous vertical joint in the wall. |
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Definition
| A part of a construction assembly included to minimize the rapid conduction of heat between conditioned and unconditioned space (called thermal bridging). |
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Definition
| The unit of measure of the thermal resistance of a material. |
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Definition
| The thermal property more directly related to heat flow, called thermal transmittance. |
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Definition
| membrane or sheet product placed within the construction assembly to restrict the passage of moisture vapors through the assembly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane or material that inhibits air flow through a building assembly while allowing the passage of moisture vapors |
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Term
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Definition
| Wall assembly consisting of a primary wall structure system and a secondary facing system with a continuous air space in between the two systems. |
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Definition
| a moisture-management system incorporating cladding, air cavity, drainage plane, and airtight support wall to offer multiple moisture- shedding pathways. Rain screens diminish the forces attempting to drive moisture into the wall. |
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Definition
| Exterior cladding systems covering a broad range of material finishes and properties |
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Term
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Definition
| An assembly typically defined as thin, usually aluminum-framed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone, with the frame attached to the building structure and not carrying floor or roof loads of the building. Wind and gravity loads are transferred to the building structure, typically at the floor line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to a curtain wall, using aluminum-framing (typically), containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone, with the frame attached to the building structure and not carrying floor or roof loads of the building. Storefront systems are typically limited to spans between floors or support (unlike curtain wall systems, which can span multiple floors). |
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Definition
| (mullions and glazing/panels installed separately) |
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Definition
| (factory fabricated and delivered in larger modules) |
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Term
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Definition
an envelope construction, which consists of two transparent
surfaces separated by an air cavity, which is used as an air channel. |
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Definition
| A roof strategy in which the pitch of the roof is slight and thus must be designed to be impervious to water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A roof system in which the degree of slope of the roof planes are adequate to rapidly shed precipitation, which in turn allows the assembly to achieve water tightness through a variety of material strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| the water tight material applied to the roof, consisting of three types |
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Term
| Built Up Roof Membrane (BUR) |
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Definition
| A roofing membrane made up of 3-5 layers of asphalt saturated felts laminated together with bitumen or pitch. Modified Bitumen roofing (MBR) is similar to a BUR, using 2-3 layers of modified bitumen sheeting laminated with bitumen. MBR require protective cover by ballast or cap sheet . |
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Term
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Definition
| a heavy material applied over the surface of a roof membrane to help shield the membrane from the damaging effects of wind uplift and ultraviolet (sunlight) deterioration |
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Term
| Single Ply membrane (SPM) |
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Definition
| A synthetic membrane applied as a sheet to low slope roofs. Common sheet types fall into two categories |
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Term
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Definition
| A green roof system designed for larger vegetation and supporting strata and may allow for public access (such as roof gardens) |
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Term
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Definition
| A green roof system that provides the ecological benefit of rainwater retention, insulation, etc, but Is not intended to support public access. |
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Term
| Construction/WOrking drawings |
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Definition
| The drawings define physical relationships between materials products and systems. They indicate physical dimensions and locations of construction elements. |
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Term
| Construction Specifications |
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Definition
| The specifications complement the drawings and express requirements in words. They deal with quality, methods and techniques of installation as well as desired results in terms of performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| are prepared to graphically indicate the fabrication and installation of a particular product or element. |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical construction of digitally generated component through a proprietary system of laminate construction |
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Term
| CNC-computer number control |
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Definition
| Physical milling or tooling of a digitally generated component from stock material, such as an aluminum billet. |
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