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| two strains of actin, maintains cell shape, muscle contractions, motility and division, cytoplasmic streaming |
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| hollow tules of tubulin, maintains cells shape, chromosome movements and organelle movements |
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| coiled fibrous proteins, keratin, anchors nucleus and other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina |
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| enzyme substrate specificity |
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| enzyme effects of temperature and pH |
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| cofactors and enzyme inhibitors |
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| allosteric regulation of enzymes |
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| feedback inhibition of enzymes |
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| location of enzymes in organelles |
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| takes place in the cytosol, energy investment phase where 2 ATP's are used, energy payoff phase where 4 ATP molecules are made, also produces 2 pyruvate 2 water molecules and 2NADH |
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| takes place in the mitochondrion, for each glucose molecule 8 NADH, 6 CO2 and 2 FADH2 molecules are made |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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| takes place in the mitochondrial membrane, enzymes embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane, converts rest of NADH and FADH to ATP, pumps H to mitochondrial inter membrane space, can make up to 34 molecules of ATP |
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| obligate vs. facultative anaerobes |
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| like aerobic but with something other than oxygen as the final electron receptor |
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| glycoloysis still starts, but then pyruvate takes a different path |
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| generates ethanol and carbon dioxide which is performed by yeast |
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| generates lactate, done by bacteria and muscle cells |
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| how many ATP molecules do you get from one molecule of glucose in fermentation vs. aerobic respiration? |
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| other metabolic pathways to break down things besides glucose |
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| proteins are broken down to amino acids and then can feed into glycolosis and citric acid cycle, fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, glycerol can feed into glycolosis and fatty acids can be converted into acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle, regulation of cellular respiration via feedback mechanisms |
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| tissue inside the leaf that contains most of the chloroplasts |
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| pores of the leaf that let carbon dioxide in and water and oxygen out; cells on the sides of the stomata can open and close them |
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| fluid within the chloroplasts |
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| membranous sacs inside the chloroplast |
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| converts solar energy to chemical energy, oxygen is given off as a byproduct, water is split and energy transferred to NADP+, and ATP is generated, happens in thylakoids of chloroplasts |
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| CO2 is made into organic molecules (carbon fixation) NADPH and ATP from the light reactions are used as an edgy source, happens in the stroma of the chloroplasts |
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