Term
Hunting and gathering societies
Historical Period |
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Definition
| Only type until about 12,000 years ago; a few examples remain but are threatened with absorbtion or extinction |
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Term
Hunting and gathering societies
Energy/Technology |
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Definition
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Term
Hunting and gathering societies
Populations Sustained |
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Definition
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Term
Hunting and gathering societies
Settlement Pattern |
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Definition
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Term
Hunting and gathering societies
Social Organization |
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Definition
| Family and clan centered; division of labor based on age and sex; little social equality |
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Term
Hunting and gathering societies
Examples |
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Definition
| Eskimo; Pymies of Central Africa; Aborigines of Australia |
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Term
Horticultural and pastoral
Historical Period |
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Definition
| From about 12,000 years ago, with rapidly decreasing numbers after 4000 b.c. |
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Term
Horticultural and pastoral
Energy/Technology |
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Definition
| Fire; hand tools for planting |
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Term
Horticultural and pastoral
Populations Sustained |
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Definition
| Settlements of a few hundred linked through clans and tribes to societies with several thousand members |
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Term
Horticultural and pastoral
Settlement Pattern |
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Definition
| Horticulturists form small, relatively permanent settlements; pastoralists are nomadic, following herds of migrating animals and engaging in some animal domestication. |
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Term
Horticultural and pastoral
Social Organization |
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Definition
| Family centered; religious systems encourage development of some specialized roles and statuses; emergence of social inequality based on prestige and wealth |
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Term
Horticultural and pastoral
Examples |
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Definition
| Societies of the Fertile Cresent; Laplanders; Maasai |
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Term
Agrarian
Historical Period |
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Definition
| From about 7,000 years ago; large but decreasing numbers today |
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Term
Agrarian
Energy/Technology |
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Definition
| Fire; animal power for plowing; extensive irrigation systems |
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Term
Agrarian
Populations Sustaines |
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Definition
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Term
Agrarian
Settlement Pattern |
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Definition
| Cities become common, but the vast majority of people live on the agricultural lands outside them |
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Term
Agrarian
Social Organization |
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Definition
| Family remains strong but loses some power as extensive religious, political, and economic institutions emerge; extensive division of labor and increased social inequality based on power wealth, and religious prestige |
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Term
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Definition
| Egypt under the pharaohs; medieval europe; ancient China and India |
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Term
Industrial
Historical Period |
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Definition
| From about 1750 to present |
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Term
Industrial
Energy/Technology |
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Definition
| Steam, electricity, gasoline power; railroads and auto/truck transport |
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Term
Industrial
Populations Sustained |
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Definition
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Term
Industrial
Settlement Patterns |
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Definition
| Cities, agriculture is mechanized and manufacturing absorbs displaced workers |
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Term
Industrial
Social Organization |
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Definition
| Distince and specialized religious, political, economic, educational and family institutions; extensive division of labor and interdependence; social inequality persists but is subject to social reform movement and revolutions |
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Term
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Definition
| China; Brazing; Eastern European nations; Argentina; Philippines; South Korea |
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Term
Postindustrial
Historical Period |
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Definition
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Term
Postindustrial
Energy/Technology |
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Definition
| Electricity, gasoline power, nuclear energy; information technologies (computers satellites) |
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Term
Postindustrial
Populations Sustained |
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Definition
| Millions of people; high rates of immigration |
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Term
Postindustrial
Settlement Pattern |
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Definition
| Cities and suburbs, forming sprawling metropolitan regions |
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Term
Postindustrial
Social Organization |
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Definition
| Distinct religious political, economic, educational, and family institutions; service industries replace manufacturing although industrial production continues |
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Term
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Definition
| USA; most nations of western Europe; Japan |
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Term
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Definition
| Any collection of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations regarding one another's behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| A discussion group; a Bible study class; a local union |
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Term
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Definition
| A socially defined position in a group |
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Term
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Definition
| Orderly, practical nurse, registered nurse, resident, chief resident |
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Term
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Definition
| The way a society defines how an individual is to behave in a particular status |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctor diagnoses and treats illnesses; the nurse provides care to patients under the doctor's supervision |
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Term
Role Expectations
Description |
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Definition
| A society's expectations about how a role should be performed, together with the individual's perceptions of what is required in performing that role |
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Term
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Definition
| A major league center fielder is expected to have a batting average over .300, drive in more than 75 runs, and cover the field with a minimum of errors |
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Term
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Definition
| A more or less stable structure of statuses and roles devoted to meeting the basic needs of people in a society |
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Term
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Definition
| The military is the primary institution devoted to providing national defense |
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Term
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Definition
| A population of people (or social animals) that is organized in a cooperative manner to carry out the major functions of life, including reproduction, sustenance, shelter, and defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stresses the interrelationships among members of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| Any set of individuals we decide to count or otherwise consider |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the recurring patterns of behavior that people create through their interactions, their exchange of information, and their relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "building blocks" of societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of many different groups |
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Term
| # of statuses in a society |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The processes whereby sets of social activities performed by one social institution are divided among different institutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Argues that new institutions in society have evolved as a means by which the powerful members of society can control unruly or rebellious members whose behavior threatens their comfort |
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Term
| The end of the neolithic period |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby the members of a society are sorted into different statuses and classes based on differences in wealth, power and prestige |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who is not born into a particular status may gain access to that status |
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Term
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Definition
| Each status is accessible only by birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Social structures that would function to regulate the supply of and demand for goods and services throughout the world |
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Term
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Definition
| The close, personal relationships of small groups and communities |
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Term
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Definition
| The well organized but impersonal relationships of modern societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Most intimate, face-face association and cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups we participate for instrumental reasons- to accomplish some task or set of tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when, in order to perform one role well a person must violate another important role |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when people experience conflicting demands in an existing role or cannot meet the expectations of a new one |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually cannot be changed and hence are less likely to be subject to different role expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| When one status is is more important than all the others |
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Term
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Definition
| May be defined as a society's set of political institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest territory within which those institutions can operate without having to face challenged to their sovereignty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a society's system for ranking people hierarchically according to various attributes such as wealth, power, and prestige |
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Term
| Closed stratification systems |
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Definition
| Societies in which there are rigid boundaries between social strata |
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Term
| Open Stratification Systems |
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Definition
| Societies in which social strata are easily crossed |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement from one stratum to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Social strata into which people are born and in which they remain for life |
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Term
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Definition
| Social strata based primarily on economic criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups within classes that are defined by how much honor or prestige they receive |
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Term
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Definition
| The opportunities people will have to be denied throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of an individual or group from one strata to another caused by the elimination o an entire class as a result of changes in the means of existence |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of an individual or group from one location or community to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Power that is considered legitimate both by those who exercise it and by those who are affected by it |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The respect and esteem shown to an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| The ways individuals present themselves to others through body language, dress, speech, and manners |
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Term
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Definition
| In Marxian theory, a social class that has a visible, specific relationship to the means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| In Marxian theory the way members of a given social class perceive their situation as a class |
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Term
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Definition
| A group's shared subjective awareness o its objective situation as a class |
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Term
| Intragenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| A change in the social class of an individual within his or her own lifetime |
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Term
| Intergenerational Mobility |
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Definition
| A change in the social class of family members from one generation to the next |
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Term
| Origins Of Stratification - Max Weber |
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Definition
| Economic and cultural: based on relationships to the dominant means of production and degree of honor and power given to one's occupation or culture |
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Term
| Origins Of Stratification - Karl Marx |
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Definition
| Economic: Based on different populations' relationship to means of production in a given society |
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Term
| How Is Stratification Maintained - Karl Marx |
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Definition
| By the power of dominant castes or ruling classes over all other groups and institutions |
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Term
| How Is Stratification Maintained - Max Weber |
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Definition
| By the power of ruling castes and classes, as well as by the honor and prestige conferred on the rich and powerful in religion and politics |
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Term
| What Changes Structure Of Stratification - Karl Marx |
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Definition
| Class conflict and revolution due to the rise of new classes or conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in capitalist societies |
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Term
| What Changes Structure Of Stratification - Max Weber |
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Definition
| Not just class conflict but also social mobility and new means o gaining power |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that violates the norms of a particular society |
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Term
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Definition
| The ways in which a society encourages coformity to its norms and prevents deviance |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute or quality of an individual that is deeply discrediting |
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Term
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Definition
| An act, or omission of an act, that is prohibited by law |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that explains deviance as a learned behavior determined by the extent of a person's association with individuals who engage in such behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that explains deviance as a societal reaction that brands or labels people who engage in certain behaviors as deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that a person who has served a jail tern will commit additional crimes and be jailed |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the underlying rules of behavior that guide group interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to research on interaction in groups that is based on the recognition that much social interaction depends on the desire to impress those that may be watching |
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