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| supported by both limbs 25% of the time |
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knuckle walking and slow climbing
intermembral index - forlimb to hind |
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primate characteristic
jumping |
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| smaller area within a home range that the group has a liking to |
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few offspring
born immature
need care
primates |
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many offspring
shorter gestation period
self care |
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| primates behavior are result of living in trees |
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incisor - bite
Canine - tearing
premolar - grinding
molar - grinding |
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1st premoral -
elongated
posterior cusp
sloping biting
canines |
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male and female differences
size shape color |
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prosimians
not completely closed |
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prosimians
feeding and grooming
no monkeys or apes |
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old world monkeys
hardened area of skin on butt |
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greater apes
gorillas
lead male |
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primate affiliative behavior
check |
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Period of sexual receptivity that is corillated with ovulation and hormonal cycles.
Color changes and swelling.
Fertility. |
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| Temp relationship that last through estrus period |
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| friends and relatives assist in upbringing |
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| eat a little of everything |
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| entire area a group occupies |
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| History of primate research |
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Definition
Descriptive
observational
theoretical - socio |
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| Proposed changed to primate taxodomy |
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Definition
suborder- move tarsiers pros/anth strep/hap
reclassification of great apes- all huminaD subfamilies and tribes Pong/Hom |
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| Primates to mammals - Limbs MORE |
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Definition
Erect posture
5 digits, one opposable - nails and nerves
flexible structure |
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Leaping
bipedialism
Brachiation |
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| P to M - Senses and brain |
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Definition
Increased reliance on vision (color and depth)
Decreased smell
Encephalized - big brain larege relative to body |
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| P to M - Maturation learning and behavior |
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flexible learned behavior
social behavior |
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1 - inscisor
2 - canine
3- molar
NWM 2133 Maxilla
2133 Mandible
OWM 2123 Maxilla
2123 Mandible |
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Definition
buffy headed marmoset
gold lion tamarins
white throated capuchin
howler monkey |
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Definition
Baboon
Mandril
Colobus
Proboscis |
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| Differences between NWM and OWN MORE |
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Definition
NW- wide sept, circular nostril lateraly out
OW- narrow sept, oval slit inferiorily. no tail |
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| Example of Prosimians (4) MORE |
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Definition
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers
aye aye |
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| Differences between Prosimians and Anthropoids |
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Definition
Prosimians
Small Bodies
Longer Snout
Dental comb
Grooming claw
Post orbital bar only
shorter gestation
Antrho (apes)
Larger body
Smaller snout
No dental comb
no grooming claw
encolsed eye orbit
Longer gestation |
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| Geographic distribution of lemurs |
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South pacific
taxonomy in transition (prosimian and antrhopo)
Noctournal insectivors |
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Baboons
Mandril
Terrestrail who store food in cheeks* |
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Colobus
Proboscis monkey
Special stomachs for digesting cellulous |
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| Differences between monkeys and apes ************************* |
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Definition
Apes-broad chest, up posture, neurological complexities.
Monkeys- tails |
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| Examples of Apes ******** |
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Definition
-Lesser -
Gibbons
Siamangs
-Greater Apes-
Orragnutane
Gorilla's
Chimps
Bonobos |
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| Reasons why primates are endagered |
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Definition
Human population growth
-habitat destruction (fire)
-hunting for food
-illegal wildlife trade (2nd to drugs) |
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banning primate use in drugs
laws for trading and hunting
reduce tourism |
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Solitarty - typically female (independent life)
Monogamy- male, female, offspring
Polyandrous- 1 dominant ovulating female, many males.
Multimale/female- break up and come back. fission fussion groups.
All Male
Polygynous- 1 male many female, gorillas and old monkeys. |
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Males typically higher, but not always than female.
Imposes behavior, reduces fights. |
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Fighting, yelling.
Intimidation.
Charging towards someone.
Does not appear to be random.
Competitive over resources.
Defense of territories - home range, core area. |
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Promotes group bonding.
Holding hands, kissing, cuddling.
Cooperative behaviors- hunting
Altrusism - help in risky situation
Grooming |
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| Parental investment in offspring |
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| study of the evolution of behavior emphasizing the role of the environment; many different variables of “environment” such as food source, habitat, neighbors, etc. |
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| Sociobiology- study of the evolution of behavior emphasizing biological factors; natural selection can act on it. |
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| Different ways primates communicate |
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Definition
Barks, grunts, shrieks, hoots.
Great call- marks territory, mates, threats.
Fox P2 Gene
facial |
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Learned behavior (shared or passed down)
- termite fishing, lake stick, spear.
Symbolic Behavior
-mating behavior- shaking bush
- imitating grooming
-sign language- tried |
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Cognition
-can count to 5
-Great apes self recognize |
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Film Questions
what rocked the world
what astounded science community
why
******** |
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Definition
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Definition
classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
Homology, Analogy |
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Definition
| trait shared by 2 species because of common ansceter |
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trait shared because of common functional adaptation.
wings. |
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| Method of determining relationship |
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Definition
Evolutionary Systematic - phylogenetic tree
Cladistics - further defines homologies as incestrial or modified. more modern.
Ancestral, modified, cladogram |
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| How results are displayed |
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| has not changed. 5 didgets. |
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| has changed and specific to species |
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| Difference between cladistics and evo systematics |
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Definition
Evo - how traits are interpreted and data is presented
Clad - ancestral or modified, anc,mod,clad
Evo - phylogeneic tree |
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| showing relationship but no time component |
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| Biological species concept |
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Definition
Produce viable offspring
- animals interbreed
-species never
-not perfect asexually
-syngameon- 2 seperate species |
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| phylogenic species concept |
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Definition
Sex out of equation
Whether or not groups decent from common ancestor
What it means to be species, share traits from dcent |
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| based on phylogenic species concept, based on fossil record |
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| Interepesific vs. intraspecific |
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Definition
Inter- variation cannot be accounted for
Intra- accounted for by age or sex difference |
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mode of speciation
temp of speciation |
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cladogenisis- one species diverge into 2 different
- geographic isolation
Anagenisis
- |
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1 species will diverge into to different species.
geopraphic isolation |
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one species gradually changes over time resulting in different form
-enough change old and new |
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gradualism
punctuated equalibrim |
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| periods of change that occur suddenly and rappidly |
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| change occurs slowly and constant |
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Term
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place artifact or fossil in sequence
stratigraphy
biostratigraphy |
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Stratigraphy
Deeper the layer, older it is. |
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fanuel corrilation
based on sequence of evolutionary development in animals. |
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gives you a number or date
half life
carbon 14
potassium |
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5703 half year
relitivly recent - 50 40,000
wood, charcoal bones shells |
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potassium/argon
1.3 billion half life, older than 200,000
igneous rock |
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| organic replaced with inorganic |
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adapids
omomyds
basal anthrpids |
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proconsul - african
dryop - european
srivap -Asian
gigatop - asian |
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human evolution, fossil record, relationship.
1. identify fossil as hominid and hominin
2.estab relationship to eachother and modern
3.gain insight into past behavior |
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Definition
800,000-300,000 - community
120,000-35,000 - religion
40,000 - art |
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| skelital adaptations of bipiedeliality |
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Definition
Skull -Forman Magnun- hole in bottom of skull
Spinal curve - human s, ape straight.
Pelvis - human round, ape flat side to side.
Femur- Bicon angle- limbs below body
neck length - long bi short quad
feet - bi has no opposable toe |
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| Hypothesis for Bipediality |
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Definition
Freeing the hands
Better view of open country
Energy efficiency. |
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