Term
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Definition
| two or more people who identify and interact with one another |
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Definition
| a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
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| large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
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| group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks |
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| group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks |
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Definition
| the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue |
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| a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions |
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| a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
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| a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
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Definition
| a social group with two members |
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| a social group with three members |
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| a web of weak social ties |
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| a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| values and beliefs passed from generation to generation |
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Definition
| a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calcuation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task |
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| rationalization of society |
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Definition
| Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought |
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Term
| Utilitarian organizations |
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Definition
| pay people for their efforts (examples: business) |
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Definition
| have goals people consider worthwhile (examples: PTA) |
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Definition
| are organizations people are forced to join (examples: prisons) |
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Definition
| an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
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Term
| organizational environment |
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Definition
| factors outside an organization that affect its operation |
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Term
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Definition
| a focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organizations goals |
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Definition
| the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule of the many by the few |
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Term
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Definition
| Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization |
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Term
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Definition
| demands that group members obey orders |
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Term
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Definition
| type of leadership: more expressive, making a point of including everyone in the decision-making process |
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Term
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Definition
| type of leadership: allows the group to function more or less on its own |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological distinction between females and males |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| the genitals, organs used for reproduction |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily develoopment, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males |
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Term
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Definition
| people whose bodies (including geintals) have both female and male characteristics |
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Definition
| people who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other |
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Definition
| a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| drew sexuality out into the open |
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Term
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Definition
| aimed criticism at "permissiveness" and urged a return to more tradiontal "family values" |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's romatnic and emotional attraction to another person |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attractio to someone of the other sex |
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Term
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Definition
| sexualattraction to someone of the same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual attraction to people of both sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| no sexual attraction to people of either sex |
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Term
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Definition
| discomfort over close perosnal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal |
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Definition
| the selling of sexual services |
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Definition
| the deliberate termination of a pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in US society |
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Term
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Definition
| a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" |
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Definition
| the recognized violation of cultural norms |
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Definition
| the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law |
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Definition
| attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and bheavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how other srespond to those actions |
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Term
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Definition
| a powerfully negative label that gratly changes a perosn's self-concept and social identity |
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Term
| medicalization of deviance |
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Definition
| the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| crime commited by people of high social position in the course of their occupations |
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Definition
| the illegal actions of a corporation of people acting on its behalf |
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Term
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Definition
| a business supplying illegal goods or services |
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Term
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Definition
| a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
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Term
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Definition
| deviance is a normal element of society |
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Term
| crimes against the person |
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Definition
| crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes that involved theft of property belonging to others |
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Term
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Definition
| violations of law in which there are no obvious victims |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea |
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Definition
| an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses |
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Term
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Definition
| rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution |
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Definition
| later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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Term
| communit-based corrections |
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Definition
| correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behidn prison walls |
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Definition
| a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
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Definition
| a change in position within the social hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| social stratificatin based on ascription, or birth |
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Term
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Definition
| social stratificatin based on both birth and individual achievement |
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Definition
| social stratification based on personal merit |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality |
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Term
| structural social mobility |
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Definition
| a shift in the soical position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society than to individual efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| the assertion that social stratificatino exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society |
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Term
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Definition
| people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits |
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Term
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Definition
| working people who sell their labor for wages |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
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Term
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Definition
| lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor |
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Term
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Definition
| higher prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity |
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Term
| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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Definition
| a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| buying and using products with an eye to the "statement" they make about social position |
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Term
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Definition
| earnings from work or investments |
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Term
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Definition
| the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts |
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Term
| intragenerational social mobility |
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Definition
| a change in social position occuring during a person's lifetime |
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Term
| intergenerational social mobility |
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Definition
| upward or downward social mobility of children in relatino to their parents |
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Term
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Definition
| the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more |
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Term
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Definition
| a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening |
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Term
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Definition
| the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor |
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