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| Discrepancy b/t desired and actual social relationships. common experience. unpleasant and distressing. not the same as being alone. and varies in intensity, duration, and cause |
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| Social loneliness, emotional loneliness, state loneliness, and trait loneliness. |
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| lack of social interaction |
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| lack of close emotional attachment |
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| temporary, specific. ex: breakup, move, death in family |
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| Factors Leading to Friendship |
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| Proximity, similar especially attitudes, reciprocity, and personality |
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| the finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends |
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| conscious and subconscious act of revealing more about oneself to others |
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| as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, nonintimate levels to deeper, more personal ones. |
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| triangular theory of love |
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| passion, intimacy, and commitment |
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| an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair |
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| the intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person's presence |
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| the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and cost experienced and the contribution made by both parties are roughly equal |
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| arousal/cost reward model |
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| awareness of needs, become aroused, accept responsibility, cost reward analysis, and take action |
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| social comparison(pluralistic ignorance) |
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| the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not |
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| diffusion of responsibility |
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| the phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases |
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| An unpleasant state of arousal in which people are preoccupied with their own emotions of anxiety, fear, or helplessness upon viewing a victim's plight. |
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| refers to other-oriented emotions elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of someone in need. These other-oriented emotions include feelings of tenderness, sympathy, compassion, soft-heartedness, and the like. Empathic concern is often and wrongly confused with empathy. |
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| behavior intended to harm another living being |
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| aggression stemming from feelings of anger aimed at inflicting pain |
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| aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
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| settings where aggression occurs |
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| street crime, family and friends, domestic violence, and sanctioned aggression (holocaust) |
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| instinctual/biological aggression |
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| eros;the instinct toward life, posited by Freud. Thanatos; according to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death leading to aggressive behavior |
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| (cues&habit traits==> aggression) && negative events==>anger==>aggression |
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| weapon effect, third party instigation, deindividuation, and alcohol |
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| harsh&inconsistent discipline sometimes reinforce aggressive behavior |
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| more violence shown as a child, the greater amount of violence they exhibit as teenagers and young adults |
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| "blowing off steam" relieves builtup aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of futher aggressive behavior |
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| parts must work together, require maintenance, dont work best when new, and groups must develop before reaching peak effectiveness |
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| stages of group development |
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| forming, storming, norming and performing |
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| group socialization model |
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| prospective member, new member, full member, marginal member, and ex member |
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| stable patterns of behavior (group's personality) and it develops gradually |
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| apply to everyone;usually deal with task accomplishment and group maintenance |
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| apply to specific person; like a job description |
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| the strength of the relationships linking the members of a group to one another and to the group as a whole |
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| the tendency for people to do better on simple task and worse on more complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated |
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| determines which knowledge and skills are relevant, determines how individual contributions can be combiined |
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| any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving |
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| the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks. |
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| a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in the realistic manner |
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| the tendency for groups to make descisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members |
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| disagreement about the work to be done |
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| personal disagreement and hostility |
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| desire to get one's way but desire to avoid or end conflict |
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| threats, tit for tat, ineffective communication |
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| positions vs concerns; a solutions to a conflict whereby the parties make tradeoffs on issues according to their different interest; each side concedes the most important issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side |
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