Term
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Definition
| William James described the mind as a stream on consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of the self and one's thoughts about one's experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to thinking about thinking |
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Term
| Higher level consciousness |
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Definition
| Involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| The most alert states of human consciousness, individuals actively focus their effors toward a goal |
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Term
| Lower level consciousness/awareness |
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Definition
| Includes automatic processing that requires little attention as well as daydreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Daydreaming keeps our minds active while helping us to cope, create, and fantasize. |
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Term
| Altered states of consciousness/awareness |
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Definition
| Mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Knocked out by a blow or anesthetized, or fallen into a deep, prolonged unconscious state |
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Term
| Which part of the brain is involved in the "arousal" part of consciousness? |
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Definition
| The reticular activating system (Brain stem, medulla, and thalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Daily behavioral or physiological cycles. sleep/wake cycle, body temp, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark. |
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Term
| What are some ways that our biological clocks can become "desynchronized"? |
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Definition
| Jet travel, changing work shifts, insomnia |
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Term
| How much do people need to sleep, on average? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long will adolescents sleep if given the chance? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what way are adolescent biological clocks different from those of children and adults? |
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Definition
| A delay in the nightly release of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An active stage during sleep where dreaming occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem in falling asleep waking too early waking up during the night |
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Term
| What is the key brain structure involved in the sleep cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. Immediately enter REM sleep rather than progressing through the first four sleep stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods |
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Term
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Definition
| The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinues |
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Term
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Definition
| The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well being and reduction of stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug |
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Term
| What are the key structures in the reward pathway, which is responsible for the pleasure felt with psychoactive drugs? |
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Definition
| The Nucleus accumbens and the Ventral tegmental area |
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Term
| what is the key neurotransmitter involved in the reward pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine activate the reward pathway? (3 different mechanisms) |
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Definition
| Alcohol increases the concentration of GABA. Nicotine raises dopamine levels, and cocaine prevents the reuptake of dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real |
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Term
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Definition
| An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions |
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Term
| Which conditions had hypnosis successfully treated? |
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Definition
| Alcoholism, somnabulism, suicidal tendencies, post-traumatic stress disorder, migraines, over eating, diabetes, and smoking |
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Term
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Definition
| Described as a calm awareness of one's body functions, feelings, content of consciousness, or consciousness itself, |
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Term
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Definition
| An overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out. |
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Term
| Which hemisphere is activated by meditation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The body's electrochemical communication circuitry. |
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Term
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Definition
| The field that studies the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain's special capacity for change |
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Term
| Sensory nerves (afferent) |
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Definition
| Information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The body system consisting of the sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information from the skin and muscles to the CNS about conditions such as pain and temperatures and the motor nerves, whose function is to tell muscles what to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body system that takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate and digestion |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The response of individuals to environmental stressors |
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Term
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Definition
| The momentary stress that occurs in response to life experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress that goes on continuously |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two types of ells in the nervous system. They handle the information processing function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the nervous system that provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions and keep neurons running smoothly |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| Treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons |
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Term
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Definition
| the stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| The brief wave of positive electrical charge that seeps down the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny spaces between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each axon branches out into numerous fibers that end in these structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are within the terminal buttons and store neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron |
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Term
| Excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| stimulate neurons to fire |
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Term
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| inhibit neurons from firing |
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Term
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Definition
| fount throughout the central nervous system. Keeps neurons from firing. 1/3 of brain's synapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control voluntary movement and affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and the ability to recognize rewards in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural opiates that stimulate the firing of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that blocks a transmitter's effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Am abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Am abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electroencephalograph records the brain's electrical activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Three dimensional image obtained from X rays |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic changes in the brain related to activity. Glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic field and using radio waves to contruct images |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest portion of the brain. medulla, cerebellum, and pons |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing and heart rate. Reflexes. Located where spinal cord enters the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The cerebellum extends from the rear of the hindbrain, just above the medulla. Two rounded structures. Motor coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bridge in the hindbrain that connects the cerebellum and the brain stem. Sleep and arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| located between the hindbrain and forebrain. Connects the higher and lower and higher portions of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system in the midbrain comprising a diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped patters |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain's largest division and its mosst forward part |
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Term
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Definition
| An almond shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| The forebrain structure that sits at the top of the brain stem in the brain's central core and serves as an important relay station |
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Term
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Definition
| Large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex hat work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitors three pleasurable activities-eating,drinking, sex, emotion, stress reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Most complex mental functions such as thinking and planning |
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Term
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Definition
| structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing, language processing, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| registering spatial location attention and motor control |
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Term
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Definition
| information about body sensations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the large bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| the body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many of our bodily functions |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| a pea-sized gland that controls growth and regulates other glands |
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Term
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Definition
| glands at the top of each kidney that are responsible for regulating moods, energy level, and the ability to cope with stress |
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Term
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Definition
| The axons of some healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches |
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Term
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Definition
| the damaged region's function is taken over by another part of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which new neurons are generated |
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Term
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Definition
| the influence by of multiple genes on behavior |
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