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| process by which we recieve, transform, and process stimuli from outside world to create sensory experiences of vision, touch, hearing, taste, smell, etc... |
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| specialized cells that detect sensory stimuli and convert them into neural impulses |
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| process by which the brain integrates, organizes, and inteprets sensory impressions to create representation of the world |
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| smallest amount of perception a person can sense |
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| we have 3 types of cones (color receptors) that detect different types of wavelengths. -red, green, blueviolet |
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| Ewald Hering. 3 pairs of opposing color receptors. red-green, blue-yellow.... when one is activated, another is blocked |
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| 3 attributes of perception that affect what we percieve |
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| selective attention, motivation, constant exposure |
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| not noticing big changes in environment |
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| proximity, similarities, continuity, closure, connectedness |
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| a state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us |
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| levels of consciousness ranging from alert wakefulness to unconsciousness during deep sleep |
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| a state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand |
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| a state of awareness characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery |
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| occurs during drifting consciousness |
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| a state of awareness characterizedby divided attention to two or more activities or tasks performed at the same time |
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| lack of awareness of ones surroundings or loss of consciousness |
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| altered states of consciousness |
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| states of awareness that differ from ones usual waking state |
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| pattern of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day |
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| state of focused attention of active thought |
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| resting quietly with eyes closed |
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| deeper sleep but still readily awakened |
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| deep sleep, difficult to wake |
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| sleep in which brain becomes more active but muscle activity is blocked. dreaming. vital to well being. |
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| bursts of brain activity, lessens with each stage of sleep |
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| short term effects of sleep loss |
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Definition
| trembling, inattention, irritability, staring, increased pain sensitivity, general discomfort. poor academic perform. memory, communicating, and reasoning impairment |
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| chronic sleep deprivation |
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Definition
| dampen psychological well-being and happiness. increased risk of health problems. accident risk. etc. |
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psychodynamic theory (freud): emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces. wish fulfilment: freud belief dreams express desires.
symbols: images that have deep symbolic meaning in our dreams |
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| when we're aware we're dreaming, control your dreams |
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| disorder, impaired control over drug |
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| state of physical dependence on drug caused by repeated usage, changes body chemistry |
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| pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug to satisfy psychological need |
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reduce central ns activity, slows down bodily processes like heart rate and breating
alcohol, barbituates, tranquilizers, opiods |
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| chemical substance that produces state of drunkenness |
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| psychoactive drugs are (4) |
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| hallucinagens, opiates, depressents, stimulants |
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alter perception of external environment and innner awareness
shrooms, acid, PCP, cannibus,
higher risk of physiological dependence, lower of physical dependence |
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produce sense of well being with pain relief properties
codein, heroin |
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arouse CNS, speed up mental and physical responses
caffeine, cocaine, nicotine |
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| major preventable cause of death, 35000 a year. responsible for 1/3 cancer deaths |
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Definition
floodd with dopamine when pleasured or rewarded
triggers reinforcement system in brain
prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, VTA |
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reward and motivation
pleasure and euphoria
motor function
compulsion, perservation (inability to shift attention) |
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| mood, memory, sleep, cognition |
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characteristic style of behavior or disposition
part nature part nuture |
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easy children (playful, respond well, adapt to change easily)
difficult children: (react negatively to new situations/people, irritable, irregular sleeping patterns...
slow to warm up: inhibited, shy disposition, need more time to adjust |
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| long term effects of temperament |
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Definition
| depends on how parents react to their disposition. slow to warm up end up shy and fearful than others, easy are outgoing, difficult have trouble building relationships |
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| enduring emotional bond that infants and older children form with their caregivers |
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| use mothers as secure base for securing environment, cry when she leaves but is easily calmed when she returns |
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| paid little attention to mothers, seperate easily, |
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Definition
| clung to mothers, reluctant to explore, distressed when mother leaves and not easily calmed when returns, |
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| disorganized, disoriented type |
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Definition
| lack of consistency or organized strategy of response |
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| long term effects of attatchment |
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Definition
| relationships. secure lead to dependable and trustworthy, insecure lead to difficulty trusting |
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| authoritative, authoritarian, permissive |
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| set reasonable limits, are understanding but firm, explain decisions, etc |
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| strict dictator, rigid and overcontrolling, harsh discipline, children are inhbited and fearful. |
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| anything goes, affectionate but extremely lax with rules and discipline |
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