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| taking a small fraction of something that is meant to represent a larger whole |
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| a population sample in which it is equally likely that each member of the population will be included in that sample |
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| favorable treatment towards certain politicians, policy positions, groups, and political outcomes |
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| journalists biased reporting to mirror their own views |
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| laws that stopped people from speaking ill of the government and made it harder for immigrants to vote |
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| includes the names of candidates from more than one party |
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| step one of voting process, inconvenient to voters--> low turnout |
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| an official government produced ballot for elections that lists all offices and all the candidates and parties who have qualified to be on the ballot, still used today |
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| majority-minority districts |
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| legislative in which district boundaries are drawn in a manner to ensure that a majority of the district residents are members of minority groups, intended to increase the probability of minorities being elected |
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| dividing into voting districts to give unfair advantage to one party in elections |
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| redistribution of representation in a legislative body |
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| proportional representation |
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| an election system in which candidates are elected from multimember districts, with a party's share of seats from a district being roughly proportional to their share of the popular vote |
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| party or candidate winning 50+% of vote wins election |
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| candidate must win more votes than all other candidates combined |
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| supporting one party, cause, faction, person, or idea |
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| a lot of people in America refrain from voting |
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| president must win majority in electoral college to win election |
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| electoral districts in which only one person is elected to represent the district in a representative body |
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concerned about the "income bias"
low income Americans not represented because they usually don't take part in interest groups |
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| concerned that there are too many interest groups; wants to leave poor out of politics |
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| critical realigning elections |
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| an ongoing phenomenon where there is a shift from one party to another for along period of time; caused by an arising issue |
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| getting small gifts for paying dues; unrelated to group's policy interests (mugs, t shirts, etc...) |
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| weak, has a platform. Local (county), state, and national |
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| a document expressing the principles, beliefs, and policy positions of the party, as endorsed by delegates at the national party convention |
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| benefit received only by members of an interest group |
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| elections in which voters choose the candidate that will represent their political party in the general election |
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| minor party; lacks large following, long time endurance, and electoral competition views by public, potential candidates, and political observers |
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| receive benefits without membership/paying dues |
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| the meeting, in each state and D.C., of electors who cast votes to elect the president. In most states, electors are required by law to vote for the winner of the popular vote in that state |
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| awarding jobs in government on the basis of party support and loyalty rather than expertise or experience |
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| the learning process in which individuals absorb information and selectively add it to their knowledge and understanding of politics and government |
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| a society in which all groups are well represented and no single interest controls government decisions |
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| non-excludable good; don't have to be a member of a group to receive benefits |
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| the basic values, beliefs, attitudes, predispositions, and expectations of citizens toward the political system of their society and towards themselves as participants in it |
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| an organized body of individuals who have a common interest of shaping policy |
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| Political Action Committees (PAC) |
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| a group that collects money from individuals and makes donations to political parties and candidates |
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| when someone surveys and they don't care what the answer is but instead are trying to give you information and alter your opinion |
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| Theory of Collective Action |
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| a problem that arises when individual's incentives lead them to avoid taking actions that are the best for the group as a whole, and that they themselves would like to see accomplished; the reason people join interest groups |
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| retrospective evaluations |
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| voters judge candidates or their parties performance rather than issue stands and assessments of what each candidate would to if elected; looks to the past |
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| voters judge a candidate based on their assessment of what the candidate will do while in office; looking to the future |
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| an abundance of interest groups; too many |
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| document used to cast a vote |
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| the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population |
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| personal freedom very important; government interferes as little as possible |
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| the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are loyal to the winning party of an election |
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| movement of changing society: business reform, social reform, and social progressives; laws regarding child labor and housing regulation came about |
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| FDR's platform while running for president, a way to get the country out of depression |
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