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| The medieval version of the rondo, in which two musical sections (a and b) are set to a text, resulting in the form ABaAabAB. |
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| Many notes sung to one syllable are said to be in this style. |
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| Sustaining line with a chant |
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| the general surface sound produced by the interaction of the elements of music: melody, rhythm, harmony, color, texture, and form |
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| a boy or adult singer who had been castrated to keep his voice from changing so that it would remain in the soprano register |
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| a high, soprano–like voice produced by adult male singers when they sing in head voice and not in full chest voice |
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| the belief that people can shape their world and have the capacity to create beautiful works of art for no other reason than aesthetic pleasure and enjoyment |
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| the process by which one or more musical voices, or parts, enter and duplicate exactly for a period of time the music presented by the previous voice |
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| a popular genre of secular vocal music that originated in Italy during the Renaissance, in which usually four or five voices sing love poems |
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| a composition for choir or larger chorus setting a religious, devotional, or solemn text, often sung a cappella |
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| a small ensemble of at least two instrumentalists who provide a foundation for the melody or melodies above, heard almost exclusively in Baroque music |
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| term for the artistic period from 1600–1750; characterized by elaborate ornamentation, bold use of color, contrast, and energetic activity |
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| the theory that different musical moods could and should be used to influence the emotions, or affections, of the listener |
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| early Baroque genre in which a few instruments accompanied a solo singer performing a song based on a highly charged, emotional text |
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| a term used to describe the sharp, abrupt dynamic contrasts found in the music of the Baroque era |
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| a motive or phrase in the bass that is repeated again and again; in english Ground Bass |
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| an elaborate lyrical song for solo voice |
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| a style of singing and a type of song midway between an aria and a recitative |
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| a term originally meaning “something sung;” in its mature state it consists of several movements, including one or more arias, ariosos, and recitatives; cantatas can be on secular subjects, but those of J. S. Bach are primarily sacred in content |
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| a genre that emphasized accompanied solo singing, it is usually divided into contrasting sections that alternate between recitative and aria; performed before a select group of listeners in a private residence |
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| music for soloists performed in the home or small auditorium |
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| a general term connoting solo singing accompanied by a basso continuo in the early Baroque period |
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| Italian for “obstinate;” a musical figure, motive, melody, harmony, or rhythm that is repeated again and again |
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| an introductory movement usually for orchestra, that precedes an opera, oratorio, or dance suite |
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| a concerto in which an orchestra and a single performer in turn present and develop the musical material in the spirit of harmonious competition |
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| originally “something sounded” on an instrument as opposed to “something sung” (a “cantata”); later a multi–movement work for solo instrument, or instrument with keyboard accompaniment |
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| a bass line that moves at a moderate pace, mostly in equal note values, and often stepwise up or down the scale |
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| a large–scale genre of sacred music involving an overture, arias, recitatives, and choruses, but sung, whether in a theater or a church, without costumes or scenery |
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| instead of having the pitches of a chord sound all together, the notes are played in succession to provide a continual stream of sound |
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| (Italian for “tail”) a final and concluding section of a musical composition |
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| the center–most portion of sonata–allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is developed and extended, transformed, or reduced to its essence; it is often the most confrontational and unstable section of the movement |
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| a dramatic musical form of the Classical and Romantic periods involving an exposition, development, and recapitulation, with optional introduction and coda |
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| a three–part musical form in which the third section is a repeat of the first, hence ABA |
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| an ancient musical form (surviving into the twentieth century) in which a refrain alternates with contrasting material |
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| a musical form in which a theme continually returns but is varied by changing the notes of the melody, the harmony, the rhythm, or some other feature of the music |
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| a standard instrumental ensemble for chamber music consisting of a first and second violin, a viola, and cello; also a genre of music, usually in three of four movements, composed for this ensemble |
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| a triad or seventh chord made up entirely of minor thirds and producing a tense, unstable sound |
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