Term
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Definition
| behavior that conforms to a society's accepted principles of right and wrong |
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Definition
| unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right and wrong |
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Definition
| unethical behavior that hurts the quality and quantity of work prouced |
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Definition
| unethical behavior aimed at the organizations property or products |
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Definition
| employee theft of company merchandise |
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Definition
| using one's influence to harm others in the company |
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Definition
| hostile or aggressive behavior toward others |
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Definition
| the time between an act and the consequences the act produces |
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Definition
| the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision maker and those affected by his or her decisions |
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Definition
| the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person |
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Term
| preconventional level of moral development |
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Definition
| the first level of moral development in which people make decisions based on selfish reasons |
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Term
| conventional level of moral development |
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Definition
| the second level of moral development in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectations |
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Definition
| the degree of concern people have about an ethical issue |
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| magnitude of consequences |
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Definition
| the total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision |
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Definition
| agreement on whether behavior is bad or good |
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Definition
| the chance that something will happen and then harm others |
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| postconventional level of moral development |
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Definition
| the third level of moral development in which people make decisions based on internalized principles |
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Term
| principle of long-term self-interest |
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Definition
| an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not in your or your organization's longterm self interest |
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Term
| principle of religious injunctions |
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Definition
| an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that is not kind and that does not build a sense of community |
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Term
| principle of government requirements |
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Definition
| an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimal moral standard |
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Term
| principle of utilitarian benefits |
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Definition
| an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society |
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| principle of individual rights |
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Definition
| an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that infringes on others' agreed upon rights |
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Term
| principle of distributive justice |
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Definition
| an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that harms the least fortunate among us: the poor, the uneducated, the umemployed |
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Term
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Definition
| a written test that estimates job applicants' honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors |
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Term
| personality-based integrity test |
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Definition
| a written test that indirectly estimates job applicants' honesty by measuring psychological traits such as dependability and conscientiousness |
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Definition
| reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities |
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Definition
| a business's obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take any actions that benefit society |
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Term
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Definition
| a view of social responsibility that holds than an organization's overriding goal should be to maximize profit for the benefit of shareholders |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholder |
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Term
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Definition
| persons or groups with a "stake" or legitimate interest in a company's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival |
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Term
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Definition
| any group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about its socially responsible behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the expectation that a company will make a profit by producing a valued product or service |
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Definition
| a company's social responsibility to obey society's laws and regulations |
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Definition
| a company's social responsibility not to violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting business |
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Term
| discretionary responsibility |
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Definition
| the expectation that a company will voluntarily serve a social role beyond its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a company's strategy fr responding to stakeholders' expectations concerning economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary responsibility |
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Definition
| a social responsiveness strategy in which a company does less than society expects |
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Term
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Definition
| a social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet societal expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| a social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all that society expects to solve that problem |
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Term
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Definition
| a social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates responsibility for a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to address the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal |
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Term
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Definition
| goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely |
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Definition
| the determination to achieve a goal |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific steps, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal |
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Definition
| the specific steps, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal |
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Term
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Definition
| short term goals or subgoals |
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Term
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Definition
| long-term or primary goals |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining flexibility by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans |
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Term
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Definition
| a cushion of extra resources that can be used with options based planning to adapt to unanticipated change, problems, or opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
| overall company plans that clarify how the company will serve customers and position itself against competitors over the next two to five years |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of a company's purpose or reason to exist; often referred to as an organizational mission or visions |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement of a company's overall goal that unifies company-wide effort toward its vision, stretches and challenges the organization, and possesses a finish line and a time frame |
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Term
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Definition
| plans created and implemented by middle managers that specify how the company will use resources, budgets, and people over the next six months to two years to accomplish specific goals within its mission |
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Term
| management by objectives (MBO) |
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Definition
| a four-step process in which managers and employees discuss and select goals, develop tactical plans, and meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment |
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Term
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Definition
| day-to-day plans, developed and implemented by lower-level managers, for producing or delivering the organization's products and services over a 30-day to six-month period |
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Definition
| plans that cover unique, one-time only events |
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Term
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Definition
| plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events |
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Definition
| a standing plan that indicates the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a standing plan that indicates the specific steps that should be taken in response to a particular events |
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Term
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Definition
| standing plans that describe how a particular action should be performed or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event |
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Definition
| quantitive planning through which managers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives, and choosing optimal solutions |
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Definition
| a gap between a desired state and an existing state |
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Definition
| the standards used to guide judgments and decisions |
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Definition
| a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which each criterion is compared directly to every other |
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Definition
| choosing the best alternative |
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Term
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Definition
| choosing a "good enough" alternative |
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Term
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Definition
| a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within a group for members to agree with each other |
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Term
| C-type conflict (cognitive conflict) |
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Definition
| disagreement that focuses on problem-and issue=-related differences of opinion |
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Term
| A-type conflict (affective conflict) |
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Definition
| disagreement that focuses on individual or personal issues |
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Term
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Definition
| a decision-making method in which an individual or a subgroup is assigned the role of critic |
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Term
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Definition
| a decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group |
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Term
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Definition
| a decision-making method in which members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue |
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Term
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Definition
| a decision-making method in which group members build on each others ideas to generate as many alternative solutions as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| a decision-making method in which group members use computers to build on each others' ideas and generate many alternative solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| a disadvantage of face-to-face brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea |
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Definition
| fear of what others will think of your ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| the assets, capabilities, processes, information, and knowledge that an organization uses to improve its effectiveness and efficiency, create and sustain competitive advantage, and fulfill a need or solve a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| providing greater value for customers than competitors can |
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Term
| sustainable competitive advantage |
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Definition
| a competitive advantage that other companies have tried unsuccessfully to duplicate and have, for the moment, stopped trying to duplicate |
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Term
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Definition
| resources that allow companies to improve efficiency and effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| resources that are not controlled or possessed by many computing firms |
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Term
| imperfectly imitable resources |
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Definition
| resources that are impossible or extremely costly or difficult for other firms to duplicate |
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Term
| non substitutable resources |
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Definition
| resources that produce value or competitive advantage and have no equivalent substitutes or replacements |
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Term
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Definition
| a reluctance to change strategies or competitive practices that have been successful in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| a discrepancy between a company's intended strategy and the strategic actions managers take when implementing that strategy |
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Term
| situational (SWOT) analysis |
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Definition
| an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses in an organization's internal environment and the opportunities and threats in its external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| what a company can make, do, or perform better than its competitors |
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Term
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Definition
| the internal decision-making routines, problem-solving processes, and organizational cultures that determine how efficiently inputs can be turned into outputs |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of companies within an industry that top managers choose to compare, evaluate, and benchmark strategic threats and opportunities |
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Definition
| the central companies in a strategic group |
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Term
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Definition
| the firms in a strategic group that follow strategies related to but somewhat different from those of the core firms |
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Term
| strategic reference points |
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Definition
| the strategic targets managers use to measure whether a firm has developed the core competencies it needs to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage |
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Definition
| the overall organizational strategy that addresses the question "What business or businesses are we in or should we be in?" |
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Definition
| a strategy for reducing risk by owning a variety of items (stocks or, in the case of a corporation, types of businesses) so that the failure of one stock or one business does not doom the entire portfolio |
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Term
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Definition
| a corporate-level strategy that minimizes risk by diversifying investment among various businesses or product lines |
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Definition
| the purchase of a company by another company |
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| unrelated diversification |
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Definition
| creating or acquiring companies in completely unrelated businesses |
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Definition
| a portfolio strategy, developed by the Boston Consulting Group, that categorizes a corporation's businesses by growth rate and relative market share and helps managers decide how to invest corporate funds |
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Definition
| a company with a large share of a fast-growing market |
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Term
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Definition
| a company with a small share of a fast growing market |
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Term
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Definition
| a company with a large share of a slo growing market |
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Definition
| a company with a small share of a slow growing market |
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Definition
| creating or acquiring companies that share similar products, manufacturing, marketing, technology, or cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad corporate level strategic plan used to achieve strategic goals and guide the strategic alternatives that managers of individual businesses or subunits may use |
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Definition
| a strategy that focuses on increasing profits, revenues, market share, or the number of places in which the company does business |
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Definition
| a strategy that focuses on improving the way in which the company sells the same products or services to the same customers |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy that focuses on turning around very poor company performance by shrinking the size or scope of the business |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategic actions taken after retrenchment to return to a growth strategy |
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Definition
| a corporate strategy that addresses the question "How should we compete in this industry?" |
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Definition
| a measure of the intensity of competitive behavior between companies in an industry |
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Definition
| a measure of the degree to which barriers to entry make it easy or difficult for new companies to get started in an industry |
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| threat of substitute products or services |
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Definition
| a measure of the ease with which customers can find substitutes for an industry's products or services |
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Term
| bargaining power of suppliers |
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Definition
| a measure of the influence that suppliers of parts, materials, and services to firms in an industry have on the prices of these inputs |
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| bargaining power of buyers |
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Definition
| a measure of the influence that customers have on a firm's prices |
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Definition
| the positioning strategy of producing a product or service of acceptable quality at consistently lower production costs than competitors can, so that the firm can offer the product or service at the lowest price in the industry |
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Term
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Definition
| the positioning strategy of providing a product or service that is sufficiently different from competitors' offerings that customers are willing to pay a premium price for it |
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Term
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Definition
| the positioning strategy of using cost leadership or differentiation to produce a specialized product or service for a limited, specially targeted group of customers in a particular geographic region or market segment |
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Term
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Definition
| firms that adopt an adaptive strategy aimed at defending strategic positions by seeking moderate, steady growth and by offering a limited range of high-quality products and services to a well-defined set of customers |
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Term
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Definition
| firms that adopt an adaptive strategy that seeks fast growth by searching for new market opportunities, encouraging risk taking, and being the first to bring innovative new products to market |
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Term
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Definition
| firms that adopt an adaptive strategy that seeks to minimize risk and maximize profits by following or imitating the proven successes of prospectors |
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Term
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Definition
| firms that take an adaptive strategy of not following a consistent strategy, but instead reacting to changes in the external environment after they occur |
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Definition
| a corporate strategy that addresses the question "How should we compete against a particular firm?" |
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Definition
| the rivalry between two companies that offer similar products and services, acknowledge each other as rivals, and react to each other's strategic actions |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which two companies have overlapping products, services, or customers in multiple markets |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a competitor has similar amounts and kinds of resources |
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Definition
| a competitive move designed to reduce a rival's market share or profits |
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Definition
| a competitive countermove, prompted by a rival's attack, to defend or improve a company's market share or profit |
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Definition
| the buying and selling of goods and services by people from different countries |
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Term
| multinational corporation |
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Definition
| a corporation that owns business in two or more countries |
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Term
| direct foreign investment |
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Definition
| a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country |
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Definition
| government-imposed regulations that increase the cost and restrict the number of imported goods |
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Definition
| a government's use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition |
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Definition
| a direct tax on imported goods |
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Definition
| nontax methods of increasing the cost or reducing the volume of imported goods |
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Definition
| a limit on the number or volume of imported products |
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Term
| voluntary export restraints |
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Definition
| voluntarily imposed limits on the number or volume of products exported to a particular country |
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Term
| government import standard |
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Definition
| a standard ostensibly established to protect the health and safety of citizens but, in reality, often used to restrict or ban imports |
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Term
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Definition
| government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition |
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Definition
| a classification assigned to imported products by government officials that affects the size of the tariff and imposition of import quotas |
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Term
| general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) |
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Definition
| a worldwide trade agreement that reduced and eliminated tariffs, limited government subsidies and established protections for intellectual property |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
| as the successor to GATT, the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations |
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Term
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Definition
| areas in which tariff and nontariff barriers on trade between countries are reduced or eliminated |
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Term
| Maastricht Treaty of Europe |
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Definition
| a regional trade agreement between most European countries |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to easy recall of specific instances of an event that may lead individuals to overestimate how frequently the event occurs |
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Term
| Selective Perception Bias |
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Definition
| Refers to the concept that people tend to seek information consistent with their own views and downplay conflicting information |
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Term
| Concrete Information Bias |
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Definition
| Occurs when direct experience prevails over abstract information |
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Term
| Law of small numbers bias |
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Definition
When an individual allows the "exception to prove the rule"; basing an overall impression on a few instance
Ex. Stereotyping |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when after seeing an unexpected number of the same event occur, an individual believes an event not seen will occur |
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