Term
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Definition
| Processes that organize info in the sensory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world |
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Term
| Three Stage Process of Perception |
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Definition
Sensation
Perceptual Organization
Identification &
Recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| - Process by which stimulation of sensory receptor gives rise to neural impulses that result in an experience, or awareness of, conditions inside or outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes that put sensory information together to give the perception of a coherent scene over the whole visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| Actual Objects and Events |
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Term
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Definition
| Our actual skewed perception of the objects and events we observe |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one interpretation of something that can be perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur when your perceptual system deceives you into experiencing a stimulus pattern in a way that is incorrect |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the correspondence between physical stimulation and psychological experience |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of a stimulus that is necessary for a person to sense it is present |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a reliable sensory experience (50% of the time) |
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Term
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Definition
| graph that shows the percentage of detections at each stimulus intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| (Psychophysics) Receptor cells lose power to respond after period of unchanged stimulation |
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Term
| Signal Detection Theory (SDT) |
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Definition
| Allows an experimenter to identify and separate the roles of sensory stimuli and the individual’s criterion level in producing the final response |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can still be recognized as a difference |
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Term
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
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Definition
| Smallest difference between two sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| Size of a difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Transformation of one form of energy into another
Light -----------------> Neural Impulses |
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Term
The Visual System
Pupil and Lens::
Accomodation |
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Definition
| Process by which ciliary muscles change the thickness of the lens of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Range of accommodation shifted closer |
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Term
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Definition
| Range of accommodation is shifted further away |
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Term
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Definition
Rods and Cones
Rods - dim illumination
Cones - color vision |
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Term
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Definition
A small region of densely packed cones at the center of the retina
Area of sharpest vision |
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Term
Retinal Pathways:
Bipolar Cells |
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Definition
| Nerve cells that combine impulses from many receptors to send to ganglion cells |
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Term
Retinal Pathways:
Ganglion cells |
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Definition
| Integrates the impulses from one or more bipolar cell into a single firing rate |
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Term
Retinal Pathways:
Horizontal Cells |
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Definition
| Connect receptors to one another |
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Term
Retinal Pathways:
Amacrine cells |
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Definition
| Link bipolar cells to other bipolar cells and ganglion cells to other ganglion cells |
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Term
Processes in the Brain:
Visual Cortex |
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Definition
| Portion of the occipital lobe that processes visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons of the ganglion cells from the optic nerve |
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Term
Seeing Color:
Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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Definition
| Your visual system can only sense a small range of wavelengths in the physical dimension called the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical property that distinguishes types of electromagnetic energy, including light |
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Term
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Definition
The qualitative experience of the color of the light
Corresponds to the physical dimension of the light’s wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychological dimension that captures the purity and vividness of color |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the intensity of light |
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Term
Seeing Color:
Complementary Colors |
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Definition
| Wavelengths that appear directly across from each other on the color circle |
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory |
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Definition
There are three types of color receptors: red, green, and blue
(Theories of Color Vision)
All other colors are additive or subtractive combinations of these three |
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Term
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Definition
(Theories of Color Vision)
Proposes all color experiences arise from 3 systems, each of which includes 2 opponent elements |
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Term
Physical Dimensions of Sound:
Frequency |
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Definition
Measures the number of cycles the wave completes in a given time
Sound frequency is measured in hertz |
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Term
Physical Dimensions of Sound:
Amplitude |
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Definition
| Measures the physical property of the strength of the sound wave |
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Term
Psychological Dimensions of Sound:
Pitch |
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Definition
Highness or lowness of sound
Measured in Hertz (Hz) |
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Term
Psychological Dimensions of Sound:
Loudness |
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Definition
Amplitude of a sound wave
Physical intensity
Measured in decibels (dB) |
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Term
Psychological Dimensions of Sound:
Timbre |
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Definition
| Complexity of a sound wave |
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Term
Theories of Pitch Perception:
Place Theory |
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Definition
Initially proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz
Different frequency tones produce activation at different locations along the basilar membrane |
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Term
Theories of Pitch Perception:
Frequency Theory |
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Definition
A tone produces a rate of vibration in the basilar membrane equal to its
frequency
A tone produces a rate of vibration in the basilar membrane equal to its frequency
Volley principle |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain uses differences in the time at which sounds arrive at the two ears to locate sounds in space. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests that cells in the spinal cord act as neurological gates, interrupting and blocking some pain signals and allowing others to get through to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporates the reality that people experience pain without physical cause |
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Term
Attentional Processes:
Attention |
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Definition
| State of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information |
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Term
Selective Attention:
Goal-directed selection |
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Definition
| Reflects the choices you will make as a function of your own goals |
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Term
Selective Attention:
Stimulus-driven capture |
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Definition
| Reflects the choices you will make as a function of the features of the stimuli in the environment |
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Term
Fate of Unattended Information:
Dichotic Listening |
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Definition
| Procedure in which a subject hears two different taped messages at the same time |
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Term
Fate of Unattended information:
Shadowing |
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Definition
| The subject is instructed to repeat only one of two messages while ignoring the other message |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Principles of Perceptual Grouping:
Figure |
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Definition
| Object-like regions of the visual field that are distinguished from background |
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Term
Principles of Perceptual Grouping:
Ground |
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Definition
| Backdrop or background areas of the visual field, against which figures stand out |
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Term
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Definition
| school of psych: only look at whole. cannot be understood if taken apart |
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Term
| Principles of Perceptual Grouping? (5) |
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Definition
Law of Proximity
Law of Similarity
Law of Good Continuation
Law of Closure
Law of Common Fate |
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Term
Motion Perception:
The Phi Phenomenon |
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Definition
| A movement illusion in which one or more stationary lights going on and off in succession are perceived as a single light |
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Term
Perceptual Constancies:
Size and Shape Constancy |
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Definition
The ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size or shape of the retinal image
The Ames Room |
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Term
Perceptual Constancies:
Lightness Constancy |
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Definition
| Tendency to perceive the whiteness, grayness or blackness of objects as constant across levels of illumination |
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Term
Identification and Recognition Processes:
Bottom-up Processing |
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Definition
| Perceptual analyses based on sensory data |
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Term
Identification and Recognition Processes:
Top-down Processing |
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Definition
| Individual factors influence the way a perceived object is interpreted and classified |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of internal events and of the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Top level of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
Body activities that never impinge on consciousness
(breathing, heart beating) |
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Term
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Definition
Can be called into consciousness when necessary
Unattended Information
memories that function silently in the background of your mind until a situation arises that calls attention to them. Examples: general knowledge of language, sports, geography, recollections of your personally experienced events |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories are stored in the unconscious with the capability of returning to consciousness if the anxiety associated with them is eliminated |
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Term
| Functions of Consciousness |
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Definition
Why do we need consciousness: it provides a range of functions that aid in the survival of the species and plays an important role in allowing for the construction of personal and culturally shared realities
Restrictive function – allows you to tune out things you don’t need to pay attention to
Selective storage – allows you to selectively story info you want to analyze, interpret, and act on and ignore others
Executive control – Planning – enables you to suppress strong desires when they conflict with moral, ethical, practical concerns – COMPARABLE TO THE ID |
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Term
Freud:
Repression-Defense Mechanism |
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Definition
| keeps ideas/wishes in the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring on the level of consciousness |
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Term
Freud:
Believed what about individuals in accordance to human minds? |
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Definition
| all individuals could recall everything in the human mind |
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Term
| Personal Construction of Reality |
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Definition
| Your unique interpretation of a current situation |
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Term
| Cultural Construction of Reality |
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Definition
| Ways of thinking about the world that are shared by most members of a particular group |
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Term
| Freudian Dream Analysis (3) |
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Definition
Freud – Dreams are symbolic expressions of powerful unconscious, repressed wishes and harbor forbidden desires
Two dynamic forces (like id, ego, superego) – operating in dreams are the wish and the censorship (defense against the wish)
Latent content – hidden meaning – socially unacceptable version
Manifest content – what appears after the distortion process – acceptable story to the dreamer
Dream Work – distortion process
Nightmares – fairly infrequent, more common after trauma and in children |
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Term
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Definition
taking control of your dreams while you are still asleep
Opponents say it distorts the natural process of dreaming while others say it can increase self esteem |
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Term
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Definition
Hypnotizability – the degree to which and individual is responsive to a standardized suggestions to experience hypnotic reactions
Altered state of awareness; trance-like |
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Term
Mind-Altering Drugs:
Psychoactive Drugs |
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Definition
| Chemicals that change conscious awareness of reality |
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Term
Mind-Altering Drugs:
Tolerance |
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Definition
| Continued use requires greater dosage |
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Term
Mind-Altering Drugs:
Physiological Dependence |
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Definition
Body becomes adjusted to and dependent on a drug
Tolerance + dependence = addiction |
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Term
Mind-Altering Drugs:
Addiction |
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Definition
Body requires drug in order to function without a reaction
Individual suffers painful withdrawal symptoms if the drug is not present |
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Term
| 6 Categories of psychoactive Drugs |
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Definition
Narcotics (opiates)
Sedatives
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
Alcohol
MDMA (ecstasy) |
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Term
Biological Rhythms and Sleep:
Circadian Rhythms |
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Definition
24 hr biological cycles
Regulation of sleep/other body functions |
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Term
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Definition
Humans and other animals operate on a 24-hour biological cycle. These daily cycles are particularly important in the regulation of sleep, but also in the regulation of temperature, blood production, hormone production, and other bodily processes.
Circadian rhythms vary from person to person, and different people may have different optimal times to fall asleep, have a good night’s sleep, etc.
The pathway for regulation of the human biological clock appears to be based in light levels, which go from the eye to an area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (in the hypothalamus). This nucleus tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin, a hormone that adjusts biological clocks.
Melatonin supplements are sold in the U.S. as nutritional supplements, but many researchers worry that people are taking too high doses of this substance, when long-term effects have not been tested. Melatonin is a regulated drug in Canada, Great Britain, and many other countries. Research shows that may be helpful in the treatment of jet lag, but timing is very important and hard to get right. Studies also show that melatonin may be useful as a mild sedative, more so in the daytime than at night, when melatonin levels are naturally higher.
Changes that cause a mismatch between your biological clock and environmental clocks affect how much you feel and act – jet lag
Eastbound creates greater jetlag because you biological clock can be more readily extended than shortened-its easier to stay awake longer than it is to fall asleep sooner
Jet Lag
Fatigue, irresistible sleepiness, and unusual sleep-wake cycles that result when the internal circadian rhythm is out of phase with the temporal environment |
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Term
| Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep (5) |
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Definition
Stage 1: brief, transitional (1-7 minutes)
alpha -> theta
hypnic jerks
Stage 2: sleep spindles (10-25 minutes)
Stages 3 & 4 : slow-wave sleep (30 minutes)
Stage 5: REM, EEG similar to awake, vivid dreaming (initially a few minutes, progressively longer as cycle through the stages)
Developmental differences in REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Sleep evolved because it allowed animals to conserve energy
Restoration
Sleep occurs to provide an opportunity to repair and restore brain cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic failure to get adequate sleep, inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousal during sleep, early morning awaking |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged sleep or daytime sleep episodes almost daily for at least a month |
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Term
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Definition
| – irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep that occur daily over 3 months; involves cataplexy – sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone and recurrent intrusions of REM |
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Term
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Definition
| like obstructive or central sleep apnea syndrome or other syndromes that disrupt your sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Stop breathing while asleep |
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Term
Parasomnias:
Nightmare Disorder |
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Definition
| Repeated awakening with detailed recall of extremely frightening dreams |
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Term
Parasomnias:
Sleep Terror Disorder |
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Definition
| Abrupt awakening with a panicky scream |
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Term
Parasomnias:
Sleepwalking Disorder (Somnambulism) |
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Definition
| Rising from bed and walking about |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (or toddlers) 2-5/6 years |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-11 years (or until puberty) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Teratogens (structural abonormalities |
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Definition
smoking: also second-hand smoke
-more likely low birth weight
cocaine: goes through the placenta and can affect baby directly---what happens when you take cocaine? blood vessels constrict and so in pregnant women, placental blood flow is restricted…decreases oxygen supply, can eventually cause blood vessels in brain to burst—lifelong mental handicaps
-attention problems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unlearned involuntary resposnes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| babies prefer looking at objects with contours as well as whole faces; top heavy patterns |
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Term
| Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how children respond to depth information |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
| planning and control of emotions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| developed in sensorimotor stage |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic of preoperational stage |
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Term
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Definition
| only centering attention on one aspect of a situation. Occurs in preoperational stage |
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Term
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Definition
| certain properties of objects do not change when nothing is added/taken away, just because appearance changes. CHARACTERISTIC OF PREOPERATIONAL STAGE |
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Term
| characteristics of concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| able = understanding of conservation. logical reasoning. less egocentrism |
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Term
| characteristics of formal operational stage |
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Definition
abstract reasoning
hypothetical thinking
deeper questions |
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Term
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Definition
| study of sounds put together to make words |
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Term
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Definition
| how words are put together in sentences to make meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum unit of grammar that cannot be divided without losing meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| study of meanings of words |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rules for participation in conversations, social conventions of language |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study and classification of speech sounds |
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Term
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Definition
can infants hear the difference between hini phonemes? can infants hear the difference between Hindi phonemes? conditioned infants to turn head toward a sound when they heard a change
-box contains a clapping and drumming animal; if they deterct changes they will likely turn their heads
all children could hear differences until age 8 months; only Hindi infants could hear it after this |
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Term
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Definition
| learning takes off - the "naming explosion" |
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Term
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Definition
| can learn the meanings of new words with minimal experience, maybe only a single exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| children are born with mental structures that facilitate comprehension and construction of language |
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Term
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Definition
| 1985. Slobin—there are certain rules, or operating principles that children use that make up their language making capacity (what they bring) |
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Term
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Definition
| start to use combos of words; also called telegraphic |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages |
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Definition
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. self-doubt
initiative vs. guilt
competence vs. inferiority
identify vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation
*incorporate both sexual and social aspects of development
*focus is on interaction between self and the social environment |
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Term
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Definition
0-1.5 years
needs to develop a basic sense of trust in the environment.
if not enough caregiver interaction: develop mistrust, insecurity, anxiety
Can I trust others?
strength/virtue: hope |
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Term
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Definition
1.5- 3 years
child starts: use objects, walk, talk
should develop a sense of independence and capability
excessive criticism/restriction, or demanding too much, can lead to self-doubts and discourage perseverance
Can I act on my own?
strength/virtue: will |
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Term
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Definition
3-6 years old.
child has now developed a sense of trust in the environment and in him/herself
initiation of motor activity and intellectual activity
Continue to encourage freedom and build confidence
inadequate resolution? Feelings of low self-worth
Can I carry out my plans successfully?
Strenth/virtue: purpose |
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Term
| Competence vs. inferiority (6-puberty) |
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Definition
school and sports offer opportunities
motor skills, intellectual skills, social skills
success = competence
experiencing failure repeatedly can lead to lack of self confidence
Am I competent compared with others?
Strength/virtue: competence |
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Term
| identity vs. role confusion |
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Definition
Adolescence.
discovering true identity amid confusion of many different roles
resolution: to develop a coherent sense of self
inadequate resolution: sense of shifting, fragmented self
Who am I?
Strength/virtue: fidelity (to roles/sense of self) |
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Term
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Definition
Young Adult.develop capacity to make full emotional, moral, and sexual commitments to others
requires compromising of personal preferences, accepting responsibilities
inadequate resolution: isolation and inability to connect to others meaningfully; feelings of aloneness/separation
Am I ready for a relationship?
Strength/virtue: love |
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Term
| generativity vs. stagnation |
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Definition
(middle adult)
move beyond self and partner to family, work, society, future
unresolved past conflicts may be self-indulgent, regretful, pursuant of freedom at expense of security
Have I left my mark?
strength/virtue: care |
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Term
| ego integrity vs. despair |
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Definition
later adult.
resolved earlier crises allow adults to look back at earlier stages without regrets and a sense of “wholeness”
unresolved: feelings of futility and disappointment
Has my life been meaningful?
strength/virtue: wisdom |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, motives, etc. are shaped to conform to society |
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Term
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Definition
establishment of a close emotional, enduring relationship (in childhood, with a caregiver)
earliest function is survival |
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Term
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Definition
1973. infants and adults made to develop attachments
these relationships provide a lifelong schema for other social relationships (called the internal working model) |
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Term
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Definition
Konrad Lorenz. physically following and forming an attachment to the first moving object infants see or hear
occurs rapidly
not easily modified
can be problematic |
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Term
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Definition
Strange Situation Test (1978)
securely attached
insecurely attached-avoidant
insecurely attached-ambivalent/resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| show some distress when parent leaves the room, seek comfort upon return, then start playing again |
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Term
| insecurely attached-avoidant |
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Definition
| : aloof and actively avoid upon mother’s return |
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Term
| insecurely attached-ambivalent/resistant |
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Definition
| become upset when parent leaves, cannot be comforted at reunion, and show both anger and resistance and desire for contact |
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Term
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Definition
Harlow's Monkeys
Harlow didn’t think it was cupbaord, he thought it was that infants also attach to those who provide contact comfort, or physical contact that provides comfort.
wire monkey mom vs. furry monkey mom.
ones with wire monkey mom misbehaved more. |
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Term
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Definition
| view of Freud and others that attachment occurs because mothers provide food (basic need) |
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