Term
| Synthesis or degradation of molecules involves a change in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the energy changes |
|
|
Term
| What determines direction of a reaction? |
|
Definition
| Free energy, delta G (G prod-Greact) |
|
|
Term
| Gibbs Free Energy equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Under very artificial conditions
25 degreesC,
All reactants/product @ [1M]
ph=7 |
|
|
Term
| What is Delta G' useful for? |
|
Definition
| When comparing 2 or 3 reactions |
|
|
Term
| If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what happens when - free energy? |
|
Definition
| Released in the form of heat or work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motion, formation, [gradient], chemical work, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Second law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| For any reaction or process, then enropy of the universe increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DeltaSuniv=Sfinal-Sinitial (>0)
DeltaSuniv=DeltaSsystem+DeltaSsurrounding |
|
|
Term
| According to the second law of thermodynamics, can cells decrease their entropy? |
|
Definition
| Yes, only if their surroundings increase entropy by a greater extent |
|
|
Term
| What drives diffusion by concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If gibbs free energy is - |
|
Definition
Energy decreases, favorable reaction, spontaneous.
Exergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy is absorbed by the reaction,
+ deltaG
Endergonic reaction
Doesn't occur |
|
|
Term
| Does a -33 reaction proceed faster than a -16 reaction? |
|
Definition
| Not necessarily, just know it is spontaneous |
|
|
Term
| DeltaG and the equilibrium constant: |
|
Definition
| DeltaG=DeltaG'+RTln([C]^c[D]^d)/([A]^a[B]^b) |
|
|
Term
| What is deltaG @ equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The farther the reaction is from equilibrium, what is deltaG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Values of deltaG and deltaG' when system NOT @ equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Not equal. Farther from equilibrium = more - reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occur simultaneously
One endergonic and exergonic |
|
|
Term
| What "drives" coupled reactions? |
|
Definition
| Negative -G of summed reactions. |
|
|
Term
| What compounds can transfer phosphate's? |
|
Definition
| Compound w/ more - deltag(hydrolysis) can transfer to a one w/ more + |
|
|
Term
| What compounds (specific) can add P+ADP=ATP |
|
Definition
| PEP, 1,3 BPG, Phosphocreatine,and phosphoarg |
|
|
Term
| What compounds CANT (specific) can add P+ADP=ATP |
|
Definition
| Glucose 1 P; Glucose 6 P; Glycerol 3 P |
|
|
Term
| High energy compounds and phosphate transfer |
|
Definition
| Want to transfer Pi; down hill |
|
|
Term
| Low energy compounds and phosphate transfer |
|
Definition
| Don't donate phosphate, uphill |
|
|
Term
| What provides free energy to drive most endergonic reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary energy currency of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degredation of nutrients, releases energy which is captured and stored as ATP |
|
|
Term
| What happens in catabolism? |
|
Definition
| releases energy which is captured and stored as ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Building up of nutrients (biosynthesis) ; Uses energy of ATP to do transport and mechanical work |
|
|
Term
| What happens during anabolism? |
|
Definition
| Uses energy of ATP to do transport and mechanical work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of all reaction used by living organism to break down molecules necessary for energy (catabolism) and synthesize biomolecules from simple precursors (anabolism) |
|
|
Term
| What type of reaction is catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of catabolism? |
|
Definition
| Oxidation, Hydrolysis, and conversion of biomolecules ->CO2, H20, and NH3 (urea) |
|
|
Term
| Energy released from oxidation is stored how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of reaction is anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characterizes anabolism? |
|
Definition
| Reduction, Hydration, Conversion of small molecules to complex biomolecules |
|
|
Term
| How is energy for anabolism supplied? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different forms of metabolic pathways: |
|
Definition
| Cyclic; linear; Spiral; Reversible |
|
|
Term
| Overall DeltaG (for multi-step) |
|
Definition
| Sum of delta G for each step |
|
|
Term
| What could multiple steps mean for energy? |
|
Definition
| Small amounts of free energy change in each step. More feasible biological systems. |
|
|
Term
| Good example of many steps, small change: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ehtanol oxidized to acetyl reaction |
|
Definition
| Ethanol->Acetaldyhyde->Acetate->Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What oxidizes nutrients in catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NADH and FADH2 in catabolism |
|
Definition
Reduced factors
Store energy |
|
|
Term
| What happens when reduced cofactors are oxidized? |
|
Definition
| Released energy is used to form ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are small molecules converted to in anabolism? |
|
Definition
| Larger, more energy rich products |
|
|
Term
| What supplies energy to anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reducing equivalents in anabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100/1
NAD+ Necessary for catabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1/100
NADPH necessary for anabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4/1
ATP required for anabolism and other energy requiring rxns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose->Phosphoenolpyruvate->2pyruvate->Acetyl CoA-> Citric acid cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Is glucose->phosphoenolPyruvate reaversible? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Depending on the needs of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does gluconeogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells can convert glucose->cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells use energy as an energy source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell can ONLY use glucose as an energy source? |
|
Definition
RBC-only glucose
Neuron- prefer glucose; can use others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anaerobic oxidation of glucose to give two molecules of pyruvate and chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose+ 2ATP+ 2P+ 2NAD+->
2 pyruvate+2ATP+ 2NADH+ H2O+ 2H+ |
|
|
Term
What type of reaction is glycolysis?
Thermodynamicly and Oxygen requirement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps make glucose more reactive in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stages 1 and 2 of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
Energy input
Energy output |
|
|
Term
| How is energy released in glycolysis stage 2? |
|
Definition
| As G3P converted to pyruvate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st step of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glucose+ATP->Glucose 6 phosphate+ADP |
|
|
Term
| Why is glucose converted to glucose 6 phosphate? |
|
Definition
| Glucose 6 phosphate cannot get out of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme catalyzes Glucose->Glucose 6 phos? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second step of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glucose 6 phos==Fructose 6 phos |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for the second step of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glucose 6 phosphate isomerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Add another phospho group to molecule
Fructose 6 phos-> Fructose 1,6 biphos |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme for 3rd step of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the committed step in stage 1 of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 3rd step.Fructose 1,6 Bisphos is formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fructose 1,6 Bisphos cleaved to form Dihydroxy-acetone and glyceraldehyde |
|
|
Term
| Step 4 of glycolysis begins what? |
|
Definition
| First step of energy out stage |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme in fourth step of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interconversion of dihydroxyacetone to glyceraldehyde (from previous) |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme for step 5 of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| Triose phosphate isomerase |
|
|
Term
| What happens after step 5? |
|
Definition
2 glyceraldehyde molecules.
Each reaction happens 2 times :) |
|
|
Term
| Reaction 6 of glycolysis (overall) |
|
Definition
| phosphorylate G3P to form 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is used in step 6 of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| What two things happen in reaction 6 of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Phosphorylation and Electron oxidation |
|
|
Term
| Detail Reaction 6 of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
G3p+NAD+H2O->3 phosphoglycerate +NADH -43
3 phosphoglycerate + P->1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (+49.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate formed in 4/5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate->3 phosphoglycerate |
|
|
Term
| What happens for the first time in reaction 7? |
|
Definition
Transfer of a high energy phosphoryl group
ADP->ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme for reaction 7? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoroglycerate kinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intramolecular phosphoryl group transfer
3 phosphoglycerate->2phosphoglycerate |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme for reaction 8 of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dehydration to form energy rich ester
2 phosphoglycerate->phosphoenol pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transfer of a high energy P group to ADP to yield ATP
Phosphoenol pyruvate->Pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme of reaction 10 of glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conterted to ethanol (yeasts, alc. ferm)
Lactate (in RBC and anaerobic musc.)
Oxaloacetate (TXA- substrate for gluconeogenesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cells with mitochondria do to pyruvate? |
|
Definition
| Extract energy from it by converting it to acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate fermintation reaction: |
|
Definition
Pyruvate->L-lactate via lactate dehydrogenase
Converts NADH->NAD |
|
|
Term
| Where does pyruvate fermentation occur? |
|
Definition
Cells w/ no mitochondria.
Ex. RBC or anaerobically muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Where does NADH->NAD usually occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does lactic acid make muscles sure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts pyruvate to ethanol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do yeasts convert pyruvate -> ehtanol |
|
Definition
Pyruvate decarboxylase->Acetyl aldehyde
Alcohol dehydrogenase ->ethanol |
|
|
Term
| Where is pyruvate decarboxylase found? |
|
Definition
| Only in bacteria and yeasts, if we had it we could hold our breath and get drunk ;) |
|
|
Term
| How do you make 2,3 BPG for RBC? |
|
Definition
| You take 1,3 BPG from step 6 and you use enzyme BPG mutase and get 2,3 BPG |
|
|
Term
| ATP production of glycolysis (Stage 1, Stage2) |
|
Definition
2 steps in stage 1 use ATP
gluctose->Glucose 6 phos
Fructose 6 p->1,6 bisphos
2 steps produce ATP in stage 3
Glycerate 1,3 bisP to 3-P glycerate
PEP to pyruvate
Net result=2 ATP/glucose |
|
|
Term
| Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible? |
|
Definition
1,3,10
Significantly negative delta G values |
|
|
Term
| Overall glycolysis is endergonic or exergoinic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the primary sites of regulation in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Irreversible reactions. 1,3,10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 allosteric enzymes
Hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate Kinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Step 1
Inhibitor is Glucose 6 phos, ATP
No activator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Step 3
Activated by F2,5 bp, AMP
Inhibitied by Citrate, ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Step 10
Activated by F,1-6 BP, AMP
Inhibitied by Acetyl CoA; ATP |
|
|
Term
| What can generate acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
Many nutrients
Protein, Triglyceride, Glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Where does oxidation of acetyl CoA occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does oxidation of acetyl CoA provide? |
|
Definition
| Vast majority of energy for aerobic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
Takes pyruvate->Acetyl
Reduces NAD->NADH also |
|
|
Term
| Required cofactors for PDH |
|
Definition
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Lipoamine
FAD/FADH2
Coenzyme A (carries acetyl)
NAD/NADH (carries reducing equivalent) |
|
|
Term
| Coenzyme A contains what subgroups |
|
Definition
| 2 mercaptoethylamine, Pantothenate, ADP w/ 3' phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
| How is CoA often written, why? |
|
Definition
| As CoA-SH. All the chemistry happens @ SH group |
|
|
Term
| Where is the high energy bond in acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
| Thio-ester bond which connects the two structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Role of NAD in PDH cofactors? |
|
Definition
| Carries reducing equivalents |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of TPP as a PDH cofactor? |
|
Definition
Chemistry takes place at the R group.
A possible R group, hydroxy ethyl, comes from pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| Function of Lipoamide as a PDH cofactor? |
|
Definition
2 carbon fragment transferred here. Oxidation reaction. Reduced agent if Flavin (FAD->FADH2)
2 forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduces to FADH2 as the oxidation reaction occurs @ the lipoamide. Puts enzayme back into reduced form |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 enzymes present in the reaction cataylzed by PDH? |
|
Definition
PDH
Dihyrolipoamide Acetyl transferase
Dihyrolipoamide dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of pyruvate referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of NAD in PDH? |
|
Definition
| Takes enzyme back to origonal form by reducing FADH->FAD |
|
|
Term
| UQH2/U2 is similar to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusable redox reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between UQ and NAD? |
|
Definition
UQ-insoluble. Only some membranes
NAD- soluble. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NADH/NAD oxidized/reduced?? |
|
Definition
Reduced is NADH (NADPH)
Oxidized is NAD (NADP) |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do products of PDH go? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria, cannot leave there |
|
|
Term
| Product that leaves mitochondria just before start of TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary use of NADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary use of acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the activity of the PDH controlled? |
|
Definition
By availability of pyruvate;
rate of product use (energy status of the cell) |
|
|
Term
| How is energy status of the cell determined? |
|
Definition
NADH/NAD ratio (High=High energy)
ATP/ADP ratio (high= high energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Directly linked. High NADH=High ATP |
|
|
Term
| How is PDH activity regulated? |
|
Definition
Allosteric regulation
Phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| What does acetyl CoA have negative feedback on? |
|
Definition
| Dihydroliponamide acetyltransferase |
|
|
Term
| In regulation of PDH what does NADH have negative feedback on? |
|
Definition
| Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| in regulation of PDH what does NAD have positive feedback on? |
|
Definition
| Dihydrolioamide dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| In regulation of PDH what does HS-CoA have feedbackon? |
|
Definition
| Positive feedback, Dihydroliponamde acetyltransferase. |
|
|
Term
| What do you have lots of if you are starved for energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of metabolic pathway is the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the TCA cycle form citrate? |
|
Definition
| Combining acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| What reduction reactions happen in the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
3NAD+->NADH
Uq->UQH2
GDP->GTP |
|
|
Term
| In what organisms is the TCA cycle found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations in the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| Few known, but they indicate critical function. |
|
|
Term
| Citrate re-arranges when? |
|
Definition
| After it's formed to make isocitrate |
|
|
Term
| What happens to isocitrate in TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| It is oxidized to alpha keto glutarate |
|
|
Term
| What oxidizes isocitrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the first CO2 come off in the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| After oxidation of isocitrate. |
|
|
Term
| When does the second oxidation reaction occur? |
|
Definition
| 4. alpha keto glutarate->Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Alphaketoglutarate is oxidized and combines w/ what? |
|
Definition
| CoA group. Forms succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Alphaketohydrogenase is similar to what? |
|
Definition
PDH.
Same cofactors. B/c molecules are same class. |
|
|
Term
| Where does second carbon leave? |
|
Definition
| @ second oxidation. Oxidation of alphaketoglutarate |
|
|
Term
| Thio-ester bond in succinyl coA? |
|
Definition
| High energy bond, just like acetyl |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrolysis of thio-ester bond associated with in the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| High energy bond. Forms energy for GDP->GTP |
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation in TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reaction does succinyl CoA undergo in TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
Succinyl CoA synthetase oxidizes it.
FAD as cofactor |
|
|
Term
| What is cofactor of Succinate dehydrogenase complex in TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does succinyl CoA synthetase do? |
|
Definition
Succinyl CoA -> Succinate
Via substrate level phosphorylation
Release Hs-CoA |
|
|
Term
| Succinate dehydrogenase complex in TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maleate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
Maleate -> Oxaloacetate
Oxidation. NOT decarboxylation |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the reduced cofactors of the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| They enter the ox/phos pathway |
|
|
Term
| Why does NADH goes to ETC? |
|
Definition
| To get oxidized back to NAD, so the TCA cycle can function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If no oxygen present, what happens to ETC? |
|
Definition
No function
NADH can't get oxidized back to NAD |
|
|
Term
| What is the TCA cycle coupled to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exergonic reactions of TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
Acetyl->Citrate
Isocitrate->Alphaketoglutarate
Alphaketoglutarate->Succinyl Coa |
|
|
Term
| Which reactions in the TCA cycle are irreversible? |
|
Definition
1,3,4
Release CO2
Exergonic ones |
|
|
Term
Which reactions are sites of regulation in TCA cycle?
Enzymes? |
|
Definition
1,3,4
1.Citrate synthase
2.Isocitrate dehydrogenase
3.Alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex |
|
|
Term
| What reactions drives the TCA cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other reactions we need to know: |
|
Definition
5,6,8
Syccinyl-CoA synthetase
Succinate dehydrogenase complex
Malate dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Succinate dehydrogenase Reaction |
|
Definition
Oxidized succinate to fumerate
Complex 2 of the ETC |
|
|
Term
| Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme location |
|
Definition
| Membrane bound enzyme (inner membrane of the mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
| Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme function |
|
Definition
Takes reducing equiv. of succinate->FAD->QH2
QH2 released. Donate e- to rest of ETC |
|
|
Term
| Thio-ester high energy bond in the succinyl CoA synthetase provides energy for what? |
|
Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Malate dehydrogenase DeltaG' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Delta Gactual of Malate dehydrogenase in cell? |
|
Definition
| Close to zero because the NAD/NADH ratio is >>0. |
|
|
Term
| Overall Delta G' for TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| -13.1 kcal/mol;-54.7 kj/mol |
|
|
Term
| Since the Delta G of TCA is negative what happens? |
|
Definition
Releases energy as heat
Stores energy as NADH; FADH2; GTP |
|
|
Term
| What forms of energy storage are created by TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other function of the TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
| Intermediates for TCA cycle can be used as precursors for other metabolic pathways. |
|
|
Term
| What substrates can be exported from TCA cycle? |
|
Definition
Citrate
Alphaketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA
Axaloacetate (gluconeogenesis) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to TCA cycle when TCA cycle intermediates leave? |
|
Definition
Depletes oxaloacetate.
Can eventually limit TCA cycle. |
|
|
Term
| If oxaloacetate is low enough that TCA cycle is limited, what kind of energy state is the cell in? |
|
Definition
| The cell is at a lower state of energy, so it doesn't need the TCA cycle. However, it can have a sudden need. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the cell needs energy quickly and not enough oxaloacetate? |
|
Definition
Run in reverse, to get oxaloacetate.
Most important reaction is the first one (pyruvate+co2) make oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyzes Pyruvate+Bicarb=oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction running in reverse to get necessary products to form reaction |
|
|
Term
| Most important Anaplerotic Reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates pyruvate carboxylase reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body can pyruvate carboxylase be found? |
|
Definition
| High levels in the liver and neruon mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| Function of pyruvate carboxylase? |
|
Definition
| To decrease the number of intermediates in the TCA cycle to allow it to function @ maximum level. |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily by the energy state of teh cell
NADH/NAD
ATP/ADP ratios= high=high energy (low reactivity) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
2 GDP/ATP;6nadh (15ATP)
2QH2=3 ATP
TOtal: 20 ATP (18NADH,2ATP) |
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Term
| Total ATP from one Glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| If the ETC is not working, how many ATP/glucose? |
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Definition
4
2 from glycolysis
2 from CAC |
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