Term
|
Definition
Saturated and Cis-unsaturated
Trans fatty acids do not occur naturally |
|
|
Term
| Two essential Fatty acids in the human diet |
|
Definition
Linoleic (linolate)
Linolenic (linolenate) |
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor for arachiodomic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do fatty acids relate to energy? |
|
Definition
| They are the body's major fuels for energy production. |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids have what functional group? |
|
Definition
Carboxylic Acid (Pka~4)
Negatively charged @ physiological pH |
|
|
Term
| Which fatty acid is more healthy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a cis bond to to the structure of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important forms of dietary and stored fuel. |
|
|
Term
| Comonents of triacylglycerols |
|
Definition
| Glycerol backbone, Three ester linked fatty acids, fatty acyl chains |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Bad for you
Not in nature
Be able to recognize. |
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|
Term
| Form solvent/backbone of biological membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lipids have a polar or charged headgroup and a hydrophobic tail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of amphipathic membrane lipids |
|
Definition
1. Glycerophospholipids
2.Sphingolipids
3. Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant type of amiphathic membrane lipid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the base/precursor of glycerophospholipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phosphatidate made of? |
|
Definition
| Glycerol 3-phosphate and two ester-linked fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Where is fatty acid located on the glycerophospholipids? |
|
Definition
Position 2.
Unsaturated, Cis |
|
|
Term
| What completes the glycerophospholipid? |
|
Definition
| Adding the rest of the polar headgroup to the phosphotidic acid. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In glycerophospholipids what is usually R2? |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated cis fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| If the prefix is "phosphatidal-" what type of lipid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specifically cleave glycerol phospholipids.Destabalizes the membrane (there is a gap where lipid should be)
phospholipase A2 (PLA2) important in venoms, also in lipid digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active ingredient in venoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ceramide (ALL)
Made of spingosine+ amide linked fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| What completes formation of the spingolipid? |
|
Definition
| Addition of the whole polar (charged) headgroup |
|
|
Term
| Where are sphingolipids found? |
|
Definition
| Prevalent in nervous tissues(Brain, nerves, sheath) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spingomyelin, Cerebrosides, gangliosides |
|
|
Term
| What lipid can be used to determine ABO blood group important in transfusions? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate party of glycosphingolipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ceremide plus a single sugar (galactose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ceramide + mono or disaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ceramide + Group of sugars that act as the headgroup
Ex. acidic sugar NANA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of our biological membrane does cholesterol make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most hydrophobic of the membrane lipids. Why? |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol, because of it's OH polar headgroup |
|
|
Term
| What does the rigid membrane structure of cholesterol do? |
|
Definition
| Decreases membrane fluidity |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule is cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to amphipathic membrane lipids in aqueous solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the bilayers formed by amphipathic memberanes consist of |
|
Definition
| Two "leaflets" an outer and and inner |
|
|
Term
| What are now being used as therapeutic agent delivery systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Outer-leaflet
Inner-leaflet |
|
Definition
| Outer faces outside of the cell; inner faces inside. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilayer that is closed up; like a mini cell
The interior is the solvent.(therapeutic) |
|
|
Term
| Why are liposomes advancing? |
|
Definition
| You can put different proteins in and try to target specific cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interior contains the theropeutic agent, when the exterior membrane fuses with another cell agent is delievered |
|
|
Term
| Fluid Mosaic Model of the biological membrane |
|
Definition
| Composed of lipids plus proteins, some containing sugars |
|
|
Term
| Why do lipids form a bilayer? |
|
Definition
| AS a permeability barrier; and hydrophobic solvent |
|
|
Term
| Is there symmetry in lipids and proteins across the bilayer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the carbohydrates of glycoproteins and glycolipids orient themselves? |
|
Definition
| ALWAYS exposed on the surface, point outward. Never exposed to cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Integral membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| Embedded through lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Membrane proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ways peripheral proteins can bind |
|
Definition
To integral proteins
To lipid headgroups
Hydrophobic core itself |
|
|
Term
| Peripharal headgroups binding to lipid headgroups is what type of interaction? |
|
Definition
| Ionic or Hydrogen bonding b/c headgroup is polar, charged |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral proteins binding to the hydrophobic core |
|
Definition
| Via hydrophobic domains in the protein or covalently bound lipid |
|
|
Term
| What type of structure are membrance? |
|
Definition
| Fluid, dynamic w/ components in constant motion |
|
|
Term
| What type of diffusion is rapid @ body temperature in membranes? |
|
Definition
| Lateral diffusion of lipids and many membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
| Can proteins flip flop between leaflets? |
|
Definition
| No.. Not unless specific enzyme. But for our case. NO. |
|
|
Term
| What can impact the fluidity of the membrane? |
|
Definition
Lipid composition.
Increased by unsaturated lipids
Decreased by rigid cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What does cholesterol do to the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do unsatruated lipids to the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is permeable to membranes? |
|
Definition
| Small, uncharged, non-polar things |
|
|
Term
| What is not membrane permeable? |
|
Definition
| Water soluble compounds, especially if charged, or large |
|
|
Term
| How can you get an impermeable molecule across membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are blood gases permeable to membrane? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Highest permeability. Even though you think O2 is polar. o=o no polarity |
|
|
Term
| General Mechanism of signal transduction |
|
Definition
| External stimulus (1st mess)->Membrane receptor->Transducer->Effector enzyme->2nd mess->Cytoplasmic and nuclear effectors->Cellular response |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule is the membrane receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the transducer? |
|
Definition
| Sends the signal forward to the effector enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Where is the 2nd messenger located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What class of molecule is the first messenger, usually? |
|
Definition
Hormone
It is an external stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What type of proteins are G proteins? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral proteins on the plasma membrane inner surface. |
|
|
Term
| What does a g-protein act as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transducer is inactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When transducer is active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is active in signal transduction |
|
|
Term
| G protein signal transduction cycle (long)h |
|
Definition
1.Receptor/hormone complex diffuses in membrane until it incounters G(alphabetagamme)GDP (which is inactive)
2. The binding activates alpha to release GDP, bind GTP, and interact w/ the effector enzyme.
3. GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP by GDPase as a built in times, returning to inactive GalphaGDP, which re-associates w/ Gbetagamma until another cycle begins |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors in the adenylate cyclase/CAMP pathway? |
|
Definition
Glucagon receptors
Epinephrine (Beta-adrenergic) |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd messenger in the Adenylate Cyclase/CAMP pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of CAMP? |
|
Definition
2nd messenger
Transmitting extracellular signals to intracellular regulated enzymes, especially those involved in feul metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From ATP by effector enzyme adehylate cyclase, when turn on by association with G protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the stimulatory molecules in the adenylate cyclase/camp path? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of reaction happens at the effector enzyme, adenylate cyclase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effector enzyme in the adenylyl cyclase/CAMP method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes Pp (pyrophosphate) to 2 inorganic phosphates immediately, irreversibly. |
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of pyophoshate within a cell? |
|
Definition
| None, immediately goes through pyrophosphatase. |
|
|
Term
| What is the concentration of pyophoshate within a cell?? |
|
Definition
| None, immediately goes through pyrophosphatase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does CAMP activate protein kinase A? |
|
Definition
| By causing the dissociation of inhibatory regulatory subunite from the catalytic ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phosphorylates regulatory enzymes in feul metabolism, typically SER chains |
|
|
Term
| What action does CAMP have on the regulatory enzymes? |
|
Definition
| Either activates or inactivates them |
|
|
Term
| What can reverse the action of pka? |
|
Definition
| Protein phosphatases, because they phosphorylated them. |
|
|
Term
| What nuclear protein does PKA also phosphorylate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediates gene transcription in inducing or repressing enzyme levels, thus activity. |
|
|
Term
| How is the CAMP signal turned off? |
|
Definition
1.GTPase of g-alpha
2.Hydrolysis of the CAMP by phosphodiesterase->AMP
3.Protein phosphorylates enzyme PO3s
4. Lowering the concentration of the first messenger, hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that stops activity of CAMP by removing phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stops camps action
By phosphodiesterase. |
|
|
Term
| How do the stimulatory effects of caffeine and theophylline work? |
|
Definition
Involve competative inhibition of camp phosphodiesterases
Not getting rid of 2nd messenger. |
|
|
Term
| How does cholera toxin work? |
|
Definition
Chemical modification of G-alpha inhibiting GTPase activity.
G-alpha-GTP stays active
Keeps adenylylcyc. active
CAMP more active
pka. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main effect if cholera toxin is left untreated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the enzymes that are phosphorylated by PKA usually located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the intestinal effects of the cholera toxin? |
|
Definition
| Increase phosphorylation of intestinal transporter CFTR, which makes more Na and Water also. Rapid Fatal Poo |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for cholera toxin. |
|
Definition
| Dilute salt water w/ glucose; makes na, cl, h2o stay in |
|
|
Term
| In the inositol phospholipid pathway, what is the effector enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does phospholipase C do? |
|
Definition
| Removes entire headgroup from phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Stimulatory hormones in Inositol phosphate pathway |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine (example) binding to alpha adronergic receptor |
|
|
Term
| What reaction occurs after activation of phospholipase C? |
|
Definition
| Membrane lipid PIP2 activates second messenger DAG and IP3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the second messengers in the inosital phospholipid reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of IP3 in the inositol phospholipid pathway? |
|
Definition
| Opens calcium channels of the ER; increases cytoplasmic [Ca] |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of DAG in the inosital phospholipid signalling pathway? |
|
Definition
Along with calcium, activates protein kinase.
Another means of phosphorylating serines. |
|
|
Term
| How is IP3/Dag signal turned off? |
|
Definition
1. G- alpha GTP ase
2.PUmping Ca2+ back into the ER using an atpase pump
3.Converting DAG and IP3 (second messenger) back to membrane phosphatidal inacital
4.Protein phosphatases (remove phosphates that were just added)
5.Lowering first messenger |
|
|
Term
| What is protein kinase C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pathway is the insulin receptor path? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of subunits make up the insulin receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extracellular domain
Binds with insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spans the membrane
Maintain intercellular tyr kinase activity |
|
|
Term
| Final insulin receptor subunit structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Final insulin receptor subunit quat structure |
|
Definition
| Stabalized by disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
| What does insulin binding do to the insulin receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help lead to a complex set of biochemical signals |
|
|
Term
| Complex biochemical signals help to regulate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main mechanisms for regulation of fuel metabolism- Insulin |
|
Definition
1. Stimulates each beta subunit to phosphorylate a tyrosine hydroxyl groupon the other beta (partner) subunite
2. Known as autophosphorylation (insulin binds->signal to tyr kin)
3. This turns on the tyr kinase to phosphorylate the tyrosines on other proteins involved in this signalling pathway, such as IRS (insulin receptor substrate) |
|
|
Term
Tyrosine kinase in Insulin
Example: |
|
Definition
Phosphorylate tyr on proteins involved in the signalling pathway
Ex. IRS |
|
|
Term
| How are the insulin receptors linked? |
|
Definition
| Covalently by disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is the first thing phosphorylated on tyr's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phosphorylate many things |
|
|
Term
| How to turn off tyrosine kinases |
|
Definition
Stimulate protein phosphatases (turns off signaling path)
Regulate gene expression via induction/repression
Both of the above antagonize glucagon
Controlling the rate of glucose
transport into cells (via glut 4) |
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|
