Term
| ____ is the sum of all chemical reactions within an organism |
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Definition
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Term
| all of the decomposition reactions in an organism are called ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the sum of all synthesis reactions in an organism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the ability to do work |
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Definition
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Term
| metabolism deals a lot with ___ and ___ energy |
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Definition
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change form |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every time energy changes form, there is an increase in entropy |
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Term
| ___ measures the amount of energy that is no longer useable or available to do work |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is an example of unusable energy |
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Definition
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Term
| the amount of energy required to form a bond is the _____ when the bond is broken |
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Definition
| same amount of energy (less what is lost as heat) released |
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Term
| forming a bond, energy is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| breaking a bond, energy is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: universal energy currency unit molecule of all living things |
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Definition
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Term
| Catabolism and anabolism are linked through energy that occurs between them, and that linking energy is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the structure of ATP is a ___ in the nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
| the structure of ATP is ___ groups, bonded to a ___, bonded to a ___ |
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Definition
| three phosphate groups, sugar, base |
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Term
| ___ happens when a phosphate group is lost |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ happens when a phosphate group is gained |
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Definition
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Term
| the dephosphorylation of ATP leads to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the phosphorylation of ADP leads to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ occurs when your body runs out of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| thermodynamics tells us what can and cannot happen, but says nothing about the ___ of a reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| a reaction can be broken up into ___ and ___ reactions |
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Definition
| spontaneous; instantaneous |
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Term
| ___ reactions occur without the additional input of energy into the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| a spontaneous reaction can occur ___ and doesn't require ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| a ___ reaction requires energy |
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Definition
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Term
| an instantaneous reaction is an ___ reaction because energy must be put into the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| any reaction that has a negative delta G is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energy released, -delta G, spontaneous |
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Term
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Definition
| energy required, +delta G, non-spontaneous |
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Term
| ____: a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| with the use of a catalyst, the ___ doesn't change, just the ___ at which it occurs |
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Definition
| overall chemistry of the action; rate |
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Term
| ___ cannot be used to speed up reactions in our body because our proteins will denature |
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Definition
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Term
| biological catalysts are called ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| these enzymes are mostly ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| each enzyme is ___ and will only catalyze ___ reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme specificity is based on the ___ of the protein |
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Definition
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Term
| within the 3D shape of the protein is a pocket/groove, which is the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| only the ____ enzyme will be able to bind to the active site |
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Definition
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Term
| only the ___ of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| the substrate has to twist and wiggle to get into the active site, so it's not quite like a perfect lock and key. This is called an ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once properly bound to the active site, the ____ can occur |
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Definition
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Term
| a ___ is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts |
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Definition
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Term
| The binding of the substrate to the active site is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the substrate is put into an environment that makes the reaction _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| give and explain the mechanism of enzymatic action |
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Definition
| E+S<->ES->P+E; enzyme plus substrate goes to enzyme-substrate complex which produces a product and the enzyme unchanged. The enzyme can then repeat the process again and again |
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Term
| ___ blocks the active site |
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Definition
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Term
| in competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzymes ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| in competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is similar enough to the ___ to fit in the active site, but different enough in ___ that the enzyme is unable to break through it. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ causes a change in the shape of the active site |
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Definition
| non-competitive inhibition |
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Term
| in noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the ___ site |
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Definition
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Term
| in noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor does not have to be similar to the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| to overcome noncompetitive inhibition, you must ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| factor affecting the enzyme activity |
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Definition
| inhibitors, pH, temperature, substrate/enzyme concentration, salt concentration |
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Term
| cells will shrivel in ___ solutions |
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Definition
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Term
| cells will explode in ___ solutions |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are non-protein components of an enzyme that are required for an enzyme to biologically activate |
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Definition
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Term
| typically enzymes require a ___ to be biologically active |
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Definition
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Term
| enzymes work best under ___ conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of the reaction ____ as you increase the substrate |
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Definition
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Term
| if you increase enzymes then you _____ |
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Definition
| increase activity, but then it slows/stops because once the enzyme has used up all the substrate then it stops working. |
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Term
| an enzyme does not necessarily change ___, rather contributes to make the illusion of change |
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Definition
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Term
| within activation site, a ___ is made to accommodate an R group without affecting the rest of the cell |
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Definition
| localized environment (acidic/basic or polar/nonpolar) |
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Term
| an enzyme can also cause ____ in a molecule to change activation energy |
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Definition
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Term
| A reaction with a negative delta G value is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike anabolic reactions, catabolic reactions don't need activation energy. True/False? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is used an an energy shuttle between catabolic and anabolic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: the switching off of a metabolic pathway by its end product, which acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within the pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ moves energy through pathways |
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Definition
| oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Term
| when you take ___ away, you take away energy as well |
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Definition
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Term
| we can move energy by moving electrons through the pathway using ____ |
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Definition
| oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Term
| oxidation is ___ of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduction is ___ of electrons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when reduced you gain ___, ___, and the ___ associated with those electrons |
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Definition
| electrons, hydrogen's, energy |
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Term
| entropy is a measure of how much useful work an energy conversion could perform. True/False? |
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Definition
| False (Entropy is not available to do useful work) |
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Term
| ____: the goal is to provide the cell with utilizable sources of energy and biosynthetic precursors |
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Definition
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Term
| carbohydrate ___ includes aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| give the chemical formula for aerobic respiration |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E |
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Term
| three main steps in aerobic respiration |
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Definition
| glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| Glycolysis takes place in the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| glycolysis takes the 6 carbon glucose molecule and ___. Each glucose molecule yields ___, ___, and ____. The ___ molecules are reduced to the form of ___ |
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Definition
| breaks it in half; 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP (net yield), 2 NADH molecules; NADH; NADH+ |
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Term
| The Krebs cycle take place in the ____ of eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| inner matrix (membrane) of the mitochondria |
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Term
| The Krebs Cycle takes place in the ___ in prokaryotic Cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Krebs cycle is a series of _____ reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose has to be released in ___ or else there will be a large amount of energy released and the body won't be able to use it. |
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Definition
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Term
| during glycolysis, glucose is being ___ in the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 things are put into glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| what 4 things are output by glycolysis |
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Definition
| 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvates (2X3 Carbon) |
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Term
| what happens between glycolysis and Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
| each pyruvate (2x3 carbon) is modified to Acetyl CoA (2x2 carbon). 2 NAD+ are put in, and 2 NADH are put out. CO2 is also released. |
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Term
| what three things are put into the Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| what 4 things are output by the Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
| 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 |
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Term
| what is put into the ETC? |
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Definition
| 2 NADH from glycolysis, 2 NADH from between glycolysis and Krebs cycle, 6 NADH from Krebs cycle, 2 FADH2 from Kreb's cycle, and 6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| 10 NAD+, 32/34 ATP, 2 FAD, 6H2O |
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Term
1 NADH = __ ATP
1 FADH2 = ___ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| total ATP production from glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| total ATP production from Krebs cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| total ATP production overall |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| only ___ exhibit anaerobic respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is an anaerobic process but differs a little |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a system where ATP synthesis is coupled to transport hydrogen ions across a membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| bacteria don't have mitochondria so where is the etc located |
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Definition
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Term
| give the chemical formula for phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| take a phosphate group from a reactive molecule and attach it directly to ATP = ___. Produces ___ |
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Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation; 4 ATPs |
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Term
| ATPs are made using an ETC = ___ (makes ___) |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation (makes more ATP than substrate level phosphorylation) |
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Term
| occurs in photosynthesis, use light energy for the energy source for the phosphorylation of the ATPs=___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ occurs only in bacteria cells |
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Definition
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Term
| final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration is _____ |
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Definition
| not O2 but other forms of inorganic oxygen |
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Term
| The total ATP yielded in an anaerobic resipiration is ___, but it has ___ |
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Definition
| lower; a Krebs cycle and an ETC |
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Term
| anaerobic respiration produces bi-products that can be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is an anaerobic process because it doesn't require oxygen in the form of O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the first step of fermentation |
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Definition
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Term
| The second stage of fermentation involves the pyruvates being reduced to ____ |
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Definition
| an organic acid or alcohol and the NADH that were produced in glycolysis are oxidized to 2 NAD+ |
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Term
| for every glucose molecule that enter fermentation you get ___ ATP molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| fermentation does not require ___, and does not have ___ or ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the final electron acceptor in fermentation |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP yield of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation |
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Definition
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Term
| final electron acceptor of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation |
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Definition
| oxygen, inorganic oxygen, organic acid/alcohol |
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Term
| type of phosphorylation of aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation |
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Definition
| substrate level and oxidative, substrate level and oxidative, substrate level |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| nucleotides contain a ___, which is attached to a ___, and then a ____ |
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Definition
| phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base |
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Term
| DNA contains the bases ____ |
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Definition
| adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine |
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Term
| replication of DNA occurs through ____ |
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Definition
| semi-conservative replication |
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Term
| The two strands of DNA are broken by breaking ____ that hold the bases together, ___ is used to do this. |
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Definition
| the hydrogen bonds; helicase |
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Term
| the ___ will only synthesize DNA from ___ to ___ on the new strand. |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase; 5 prime, 3 prime |
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Term
| ___ joins two fragments to make one continuous strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ gets the process of DNA replication started |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA polymerase binds to the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in transcription, ___ lines up the nucleotides and joins them together to make a continuous mRNA strand |
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Definition
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Term
| translation takes place in the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| mRNA is read in 3 base sequences called ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| translation begins when ___ |
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Definition
| the start codon AUG is reached |
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Term
| ___: a change in a single base in one codon |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: happens when there is a change in DNA but no change in the amino acid sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: happens when the mutation results in a stop codon being coded; means you will prematurely destroy the protein |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: a stop codon gets changed into another codon |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: all related genes are controlled by a single on/off switch |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 genes in the lac operon produce proteins ______ |
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Definition
| necessary to break down lactose |
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Term
| lactose is typically _____ genes environment; therefore these genes switch ___ in the presence of lactose |
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Definition
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Term
| the lac operon is a ___ operon |
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Definition
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Term
| the genes in the tryp operon produce ____ |
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Definition
| proteins necessary to make tryptophan |
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Term
| tryp operon is normally switched ___; and is switched ___ in the ______ |
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Definition
| on; off; presence of tryptophan |
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Term
| the tryp operon is a ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| cells could not continue to perform the ___ in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| fermentation take place in the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: take carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and use it as their carbon source |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: require carbon to be in the form of an organic carbon molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: receive energy from light |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: take energy from an organic molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: bacteria are getting comfortable with their environment; slope on growth curve is zero |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: the cells are replicating rapidly, smallest in size, during this time the cells are most susceptible to any drugs because it is when there are the most interactions with the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: replication rate=death rate |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: negative slope on growth curve |
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Definition
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