Term
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Definition
| had gene introduced or activated |
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Term
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Definition
| had gene removed or silenced |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane pumps that use the hydrolysis of ATP to translocate ions against their electrochemical gradients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals or impulses that travel “forward,” e.g., from the cell body to the axon terminal, from the presynaptic terminal to the postsynaptic cell, or from the CNS to the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system; important in maintaining and regulating, in a variety of ways, an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling; also involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the secretion of substances that influence the construction of new synaptic connections, and the proliferation of new cells in the adult brain that retain characteristics of stem cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neuronal process (typically, much longer than any dendrite) that conveys the action potential from the nerve cell body to its terminals. |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex structure of neurons and glial cells in the head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transmembrane protein that allows ions to flow down their concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic diseases, that result from mutations in ion channel genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Active transporters that use the energy from ionic gradients to carry multiple ions across the membrane in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Axon tracts that cross the midline of the brain or spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
Innervation of a target cell by axons from more than one neuron.
The number of inputs to a single neuron reflects the degree of convergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The superficial mantle of gray matter (a sheet-like array of nerve cells) covering the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum, where most of the neurons in the brain are located. |
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Term
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Definition
| A viral DNA cutting enzyme used to excise a floxed exons. (Cre stands for Causes recombination) See Cre/lox. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic engineering system for achieving conditional mutations of endogenous mammalian genes using introduced loxP sequences, which are not found in mammalian genomes but occur in bacterial genomes and are targeted by certain viruses, and a viral DNA cutting enzyme, Cre recombinase. With expression of the Cre DNA introduced into host genome, the resulting Cre recombinase engages the loxP binding sites, and the intervening endogenous exon targeted for elimination (the so-called floxed sequence) is excised. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuronal processes (typically, much shorter than the axon) arising from the nerve cell body that receive synaptic input. |
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Term
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Definition
The branching of a single axon to innervate multiple target cells.
The number of targets innervated by any one neuron represents its divergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the mRNA that is retained in the mature mRNA after splicing |
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Term
| Ganglion (plural ganglia) |
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Definition
| Collection of hundreds to thousands of neurons found outside the brain and spinal cord along the course of peripheral nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hereditary unit located on the chromosomes; genetic information is carried by linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA that code for corresponding sequences of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis of the relationship between single genes and the phenotypes to which each gene contributes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The comprehensive analysis of nuclear DNA sequences within or between species or individuals. This has provided insight into how nuclear DNA helps determine the assembly and operation of the brain and the rest of the nervous system. |
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Term
| Glia (glial cells) aka neuroglia |
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Definition
| The support cells associated with neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the central nervous system; Schwann cells in peripheral nerves; and satellite cells in ganglia). |
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Term
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Definition
Mathematical formula that permits membrane potential to be calculated for case where a membrane is permeable to multiple ions.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| The time-dependent closing of ion channels in response to a stimulus, typically membrane depolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanosensitive channels |
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Definition
| Ion channels that respond to mechanical distortion of the plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal of membrane conductance |
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Term
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Definition
| I'd say the creating of mutations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The multilaminated wrapping around many axons formed by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process by which glial cells (oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells) wrap around axons to form multiple layers of glial cell membrane, thus insulating the axonal membrane and increasing conduction velocity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abundant metabolite in the neurons synthesized in mitochondria from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A. |
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Term
| Na+ pump aka Na+/K+ pump aka Na+/K+ transporter |
|
Definition
| A type of ATPase transporter in the plasma membrane of most cells that is responsible for accumulating intracellular K+ and extruding intracellular Na+. Also known as the Na+ pump. |
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Term
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Definition
A mathematical formula that predicts the electrical potential generated ionically across a membrane at electrochemical equilibrium.
[image]
R, ideal gas constant: 8.314 J/mol-K
T, absolute temperature, K: room temperature ≡ 20°C (for these experiments)= (273+20) = 293K
F, Faraday constant, magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons. 96,485.33 C/mol
NOTE: 1 Joule = 1 Volt X 1 Coulomb |
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Term
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Definition
| The field of study devoted to using evolutionary and comparative approaches for observing complex behaviors of animals in their native environments (e.g., social communication in birds and non-human primates) and inferring underlying mechanisms for nervous system regulation. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter molecule (neurotransmitters) |
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Definition
| Substances released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting information from one cell (the presynaptic cell) to another (the postsynaptic cell). |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter receptor (receptor molecule) |
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Definition
| A molecule that binds to chemical signals and transduces these signals into a cellular response. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system; their major function is to lay down myelin, which facilitates the efficient generation and rapid conduction of action potentials; also produce signaling molecules that modulate growth cone activity in regenerating axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| toxin that blocks the Na+ pump aka Na+/K+ pump |
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Term
|
Definition
| Referring to the compartment of a neuronal process (typically, a dendritic spine or shaft) or a location on a cell body that is specialized for transmitter reception; downstream at a synapse. |
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Term
| Postsynaptic specialization |
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Definition
| I'd say specialization at the postsynaptic end of the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that is self-sustaining. For example, action potential propagation is regenerative because an action potential produced at one location depolarizes downstream regions, thereby activating voltage-gated ion channels to generate an action potential in these regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal of conductance |
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Term
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Definition
| suprachiasmatic nucleus. Hypothalamic nucleus lying just above the optic chiasm that receives direct input from the retina; involved in light entrainment of circadian rhythms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that lay down myelin, which facilitates the efficient generation and rapid conduction of action potentials; also facilitate axon regeneration in damaged nerves (named after the nineteenth-century anatomist and physiologist Theodor Schwann). |
|
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Term
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Definition
| report information about the state of the organism and its environment |
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Term
| Single-cell electrophysiological recording |
|
Definition
| Measure of the electrical activity across the membrane of a nerve cell by use of electrodes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an alkaloid neurotoxin found in certain puffer fish, tropical frogs, and salamanders, blocks the Na+ current without affecting the K+ current. |
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Term
| Thermosensitive ion channels |
|
Definition
| Ion channels that respond to heat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term used to describe ion channels whose opening and closing is sensitive to membrane potential. |
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Term
|
Definition
| I'd say an imaging technique using X-rays to determine molecular structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The electrical signal generated and conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which information is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system (or within muscle fibers). |
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Term
| action potential aka spike or impulse |
|
Definition
| The electrical signal generated and conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which information is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system (or within muscle fibers). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The time-dependent opening of ion channels in response to a stimulus, typically membrane depolarization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmembrane proteins that actively move ions into or out of cells against their concentration gradients. Their source of energy may be ATP or the electrochemical gradients of various ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons or axons that conduct action potentials from the periphery toward the central nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tracing neural connections from their source to their termination |
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Term
| antibody staining/labeling |
|
Definition
recognizes specific proteins in different regions of a nerve cell, or molecular differences in classes of nerve cells.
uses highly specific antibodies to show distribution of certain proteins within a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Active transporters that use the energy from ionic gradients to carry multiple ions across the membrane in opposite directions. |
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Term
|
Definition
Neural cell circuits that are not part of the relatively defined sensory (input) and motor (output) systems; they mediate the most complex and least well-defined brain functions that require the integration or association of signals from multiple sensory and/or motor systems.
They provide “higher-order” brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, and thinking, all of which fall under the rubric of cognition |
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Term
|
Definition
Visceral motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord—the so-called preganglionic neurons—form synapses with peripheral motor neurons that lie in the autonomic ganglia.
The peripheral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia innervate smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle, thus controlling most involuntary (visceral) behavior.
My guess is ganglia in the autonomic nervous system; verify. |
|
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Term
| autonomic motor division (system) aka visceral motor division (system) |
|
Definition
| The components of the nervous system (peripheral and central) concerned with the regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; organized anatomically and physiologically into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Britannica.com, this is where the axon joins the body of the neuron and is where “the region where the plasma membrane generates nerve impulses” |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that, in response to light of the proper wavelength, acts as a proton pump transporting protons from inside the cell to outside; in its native host, the resulting proton gradient is subsequently converted into chemical energy; when engineered into a neuron for optogenetics, it hyperpolarizes the neuron when exposed to light. |
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|
Term
| blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) |
|
Definition
| Endogenous signals reflecting the oxygenation of hemoglobin in blood that are modulated by changes in the local level of neural activity; for example, when neural activity in a local brain region increases, more oxygen is consumed and within seconds the local microvasculature responds by increasing the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the active region, thus constituting a BOLD signal that may be detected by fMRI. |
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Term
|
Definition
Method of monitoring by optical means the levels of calcium within cells using calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes; calcium dynamics within the cytoplasm of neurons reflect the integration of synaptic inputs and the generation of postsynaptic electrical activity.
This approach records the transient changes in intracellular concentration of calcium ions that are associated with action potential firing. |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
|
Definition
| The brain and spinal cord of vertebrates (by analogy, the central nerve cord and ganglia of invertebrates). |
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Term
|
Definition
An x-ray based means for imaging blood vessels in the brain involving injection of a contrast agent into the systemic circulation.
risks limited its use |
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Term
|
Definition
| Typically, a protein that, in response to light of the proper wavelength, opens a channel that is permeable to cations; when engineered into a neuron for optogenetics, it depolarizes the neuron when exposed to light; anion-conducting channelrhodopsins have also been discovered, which would have inhibitory effects when activated in mature neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synapses that transmit information via the secretion of chemical signals (neurotransmitters). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The field of neuroscience devoted to studying and understanding cognitive functions such as perception, language, emotions, memory, and consciousness. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Term used to describe an elongated gray matter structure (e.g., the motor neuronal pool in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that innervates a muscle) or a subdivision of white matter (e.g., a region of white matter in the spinal cord containing long axon tracts).
The sensory tracts of the dorsal spinal cord |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An assembly of neural circuits in a specific brain region that represent inputs that do not have a direct correspondence to a topographic map, such as those in the somatosensory or visual systems. Some cognitive capacities, including language and declarative memory, are thought to depend on computational maps. |
|
|
Term
| computerized tomography (CT) |
|
Definition
| Radiographic procedure in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by computer from a series of cross-sectional X-ray images. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A genetic engineering approach, typically reliant upon the Cre/lox system, whereby an exogenous recombinase enzyme recognizes unique DNA excision sequences (loxP sequences) introduced at the 5’ and 3’ ends of an endogenous gene and eliminates the intervening sequence. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The speed at which an action potential is propagated along an axon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sensory ganglia associated with the cranial nerves; these correspond to the dorsal root ganglia of the segmental nerves of the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| cyclic nucleotide-gated channels |
|
Definition
| A class of ion channels that are activated and inactivated by second messenger cascades. These second messenger cascades usually involve the activation of a G-protein that is coupled to a G-protein-coupled receptor leading to increased phosphorylation capacity of adenylyl or guanyl cyclases: enzymes that can phosphorylate the channels and modify their permeability to ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Displacement of a cell’s membrane potential toward a less negative value. |
|
|
Term
| diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) |
|
Definition
| A type of magnetic resonance imaging used in live humans that allows for the selective visualization of large axon tracts in the brain based upon the alignment of the water molecules in myelinated axons bundled together and extending in the same direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The segmental sensory ganglia of the spinal cord; they contain the cell bodies of the first-order neurons of all somatic sensory and visceral sensory pathways arising in the spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons or axons that conduct information away from the central nervous system toward the periphery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synapses that transmit information via the direct flow of electrical current at gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
| electrochemical equilibrium |
|
Definition
The condition in which no net ionic flux occurs across a membrane because ion concentration gradients and opposing transmembrane potentials are in exact balance.
Electrochemical equilibrium occurs when there is an exact balance between 2 opposing forces: (1) the concentration gradient that causes K+ to move from inside to outside, taking along positive charge, and (2) an opposing electrical gradient that increasingly tends to stop K+ from moving across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| electroencephalography (EEG) |
|
Definition
| The study of electrical potentials generated in the brain recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| my guess is a pump that moves ions across the membrane to produce a membrane potential |
|
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Term
| enteric system aka enteric nervous system (ENS) |
|
Definition
| A subsystem of the visceral motor system, made up of small ganglia and individual neurons scattered throughout the wall of the gut; influences gastric motility and secretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The membrane potential at which a given ion is in electrochemical equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
| event related potential (ERP) |
|
Definition
| Averaged EEG recordings measuring time-locked brain responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus or repeated execution of a motor task. |
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Term
|
Definition
Recording the electrical potentials in the extracellular space near active neurons. Compare intracellular recording.
Extracellular recording is particularly useful for detecting temporal patterns of action potential activity and relating those patterns to stimulation by other inputs, or to specific behavioral events. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the phase during which the membrane potential rapidly repolarizes
[image] |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| essentially techniques to image functions in the brain, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
|
|
Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
|
Definition
| Magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. |
|
|
Term
| genetic engineering aka reverse genetics |
|
Definition
| A methodological means for inducing mutations in genes or otherwise editing or altering the structure and/or the function of targeted genes for experimental or therapeutic benefit. |
|
|
Term
| genome-wide association studies (GWAS) |
|
Definition
| A statistical correlation of likely associated genes drawn from analyses of large cohorts of individuals with the same phenotype or clinical diagnoses. The idea with GWAS is that if a genetic variant occurs with a greater than random frequency in patients with a clinically diagnosed condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, or autism, it probably contributes to that pathology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term that describes regions of the central nervous system rich in neuronal cell bodies and neuropil; includes the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, the nuclei of the brain, and the central portion of the spinal cord. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that, in response to light of the proper wavelength, opens a channel that is selectively permeable to chloride ions; when engineered into a mature neuron for optogenetics, it inhibits the neuron when exposed to light. |
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Term
|
Definition
An endogenous cellular mechanism for DNA replication and repair involving DNA polymerases and ligases; may be used in genetic engineering to replace (“recombine”) a native sequence of nucleotides in a gene with an exogenous sequence.
This approach is used to make knock-in and knock-out mice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The displacement of a cell’s membrane potential toward a more negative value. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time-dependent closing of ion channels in response to a stimulus, typically membrane depolarization. |
|
|
Term
| interneuron aka local circuit neuron |
|
Definition
| Technically, a neuron in the pathway between primary sensory and primary effector neurons; more generally, a neuron whose relatively short axons branch locally to innervate other neurons. Also known as local circuit neuron. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Recording the potential between the inside and outside of a neuron with a microelectrode. Compare extracellular recording.
Intracellular recording can detect the smaller, graded changes in electrical potential that trigger action potentials, and thus allows a more detailed analysis of communication among neurons within a circuit. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sequence of pre-mRNA that gets spliced out and does not get retained in the mature mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integral membrane proteins possessing pores that allow only certain ions to diffuse across cell membranes, thereby conferring selective ionic permeability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane transporters that exchange intracellular and extracellular ions against their concentration gradient by using the electrochemical gradient of other ions as an energy source. See also antiporters and co-transporters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of channels to discriminate between different ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies arranged in layers of differing densities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The method of observing and documenting change in function following damage (lesion) of a distinct brain region, nerve, or tract; damage may be acquired in humans or induced experimentally in non-human models; predominant method of studying the human nervous system prior to the advent of modern neurophysiological and brain imaging tools. |
|
|
Term
| ligand-gated ion channels |
|
Definition
| Ion channels that respond to chemical signals rather than to the changes in membrane potential generated by ionic gradients. The term covers a large group of neurotransmitter receptors that combine receptor and ion channel functions into a single molecule. |
|
|
Term
| local circuit neurons aka interneurons |
|
Definition
| General term referring to a neuron whose activity mediates interactions among other neurons in the CNS; exemplified by short-axon neurons in the spinal cord that mediate transmission of signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Interneuron is often used as a synonym. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ionic currents flowing through large numbers of ion channels distributed over a substantial area of membrane. |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic energy and radiofrequency pulses to generate images that reveal structural and/or functional information in the living brain. |
|
|
Term
| magnetic source imaging (MSI) |
|
Definition
| A non-invasive means for localizing brain activity that combines magnetoencephalography with structural magnetic resonance imaging. |
|
|
Term
| magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
|
Definition
| A passive and noninvasive functional brain-imaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons, in order to identify regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The reciprocal of membrane resistance. Changes in membrane conductance result from, and are used to describe, the opening or closing of ion channels.
Closely related to membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
permeability of a membrane to specific ions
Closely related to membrane conductance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the three major classes of glial cells found in the central nervous system derived primarily from hematopoietic precursor cells; function as scavenger cells that remove cellular debris from sites of injury or normal cell turnover, and secrete signaling molecules that modulate local inflammatory responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ionic currents flowing through single ion channels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By common usage, nerve cells that innervate and send efferent signals to skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A broad term used to describe all the central and peripheral structures that support motor behavior.
Motor systems organize and generate actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a disease
of the central nervous system
characterized by a variety of clinical
problems that arise from demyelination
and inflammation of axonal pathways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The multilaminated wrapping around many axons formed by oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells. |
|
|
Term
| myotatic spinal reflex or myotatic reflex |
|
Definition
| A fundamental spinal reflex that is generated by the motor response to afferent sensory information arising from muscle spindles; also called a “stretch” or “deep tendon” reflex. The knee jerk reaction is a common example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called nerve cells. Cells specialized for the generation, conduction, and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of peripheral axons that are bundled together and travel a common route. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A collection of interconnected neurons mediating a specific function.
These are the primary components of neural systems that process different types of information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neural circuits that process similar types of information make up neural systems that serve broader purposes.
3 general types of neural systems: sensory systems, motor systems, and associational systems |
|
|
Term
| neuroglia aka glial cells |
|
Definition
| The support cells associated with neurons (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the central nervous system; Schwann cells in peripheral nerves; and satellite cells in ganglia). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called nerve cells. Cells specialized for the generation, conduction, and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dense tangle of axonal and dendritic branches, the synapses between them, and associated glia cell processes that lies between neuronal cell bodies in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Periodic gaps in the myelination of axons where action potentials are generated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collection of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that are anatomically discrete, and which typically serve a particular function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The use of genetic tools to induce neurons to become sensitive to light, such that experimenters can excite or inhibit a cell by exposing it to light.
Three bacterial opsins have been used to modify neuronal excitability: bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and channelrhodopsin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genes expressed in model organisms that are identical or similar to target genes (typically expressed in humans and associated with disease) based on sequence and chromosomal location.
This enables diseases to be modeled in model organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The peak, positive-going phase of an action potential, caused by high membrane permeability to a cation such as Na+ or Ca2+.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic division (system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Note that this passive current flow does not require the movement of Na+ along the axon but instead occurs by a shuttling of charge, somewhat similar to what happens when wires passively conduct electricity by transmission of electron charge. |
|
|
Term
| passive electrical responses |
|
Definition
| Responses to applied electrical currents that do not require activation of voltage-gated ion channels. |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An x-ray based means for brain imaging involving the displacement of cerebrospinal fluid by injection of air into the subarachnoid space to increase signal contrast.
risks and discomfort limited its use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural feature of an ion channel that allows ions to diffuse through the channel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extracellular domain of amino acids, found in certain ion channels, that lines the channel pore and allows only certain ions to pass. |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| A technique for examining brain function following injection of unstable, positron-emitting isotopes that are then incorporated into bioactive molecules or metabolites; the emission of positrons are detected by gamma ray detectors and tomographic images are computed that indicate the localization and concentration of the isotopes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I'd say the terminal at the presynaptic end of the synapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons with long axons that project to distant targets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The region of a receptive surface (e.g., the body surface, or a specialized structure such as the retina) within which a specific stimulus elicits the greatest action potential response from a sensory cell in a sensory ganglion or within the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The membrane potential change elicited in receptor neurons during sensory transduction. Also called generator potentials. Compare synaptic potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brief period after the generation of an action potential during which a second action potential is difficult or impossible to elicit. |
|
|
Term
| resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
| The inside-negative electrical potential that is normally recorded across all cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signals or impulses that travel “backward,” e.g., from the axon terminal toward the cell body, or from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic terminal, or from the periphery to the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracing neural connections from terminus to their source |
|
|
Term
| reverse genetics aka genetic engineering |
|
Definition
| A methodological means for inducing mutations in genes or otherwise editing or altering the structure and/or the function of targeted genes for experimental or therapeutic benefit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The initial, depolarizing, phase of an action potential, caused by the regenerative, voltage-dependent influx of a cation such as Na+ or Ca2+.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanism of action potential propagation in myelinated axons; so named because action potentials “jump” from one node of Ranvier to the next due to generation of action potentials only at these sites.
This must be a type of conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure within an ion channel that allows selected ions to permeate, while rejecting other types of ions. |
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Term
| single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) |
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Definition
| A technique for examining brain function following injection or inhalation of radiolabeled compounds, which produce photons that are detected by a gamma camera moving rapidly around the head and used to generate tomographic images indicating the localization and concentration of the isotopes. |
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Term
| somatic motor division (system) |
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Definition
| The components of the motor system that support skeletal movements mediated by the contraction of skeletal muscles that are derived from embryonic somites or somitomeres. |
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Term
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Definition
| The caudal (post cranial) portion of the central nervous system (CNS) that extends from the lower end of the brainstem (the medulla) to the cauda equina; mediates the transmission of afferent and efferent neural signals between the CNS and the body. |
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Term
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Definition
Variable messenger RNA transcripts derived from the same gene that are typically produced by including or excluding certain exons from a gene; the result of such alternative splicing is the production of a diverse set of related protein products.
This adds diversity by allowing a single gene to encode information for a variety of related protein products. |
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Term
| sympathetic division (system) |
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Definition
| A division of the visceral motor system (division) in vertebrates comprising, for the most part, adrenergic ganglion cells located relatively far from the related end organs and the central preganglion neurons that innervate them. [1]. In the sympathetic division of the autonomic motor system, the ganglia lie along or in front of the vertebral column and send their axons to a variety of peripheral targets. |
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Term
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Definition
| The space that separates pre- and postsynaptic neurons at chemical synapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane potential change (or a conductance change) generated by the action of a chemical transmitter agent. Synaptic potentials allow the transmission of information from one neuron to another. Compare receptor potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chemical and electrical process by which the information encoded by action potentials is passed from a presynaptic (initiating) cell to a postsynaptic (target) cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spherical, membrane-bound organelles in presynaptic terminals that store neurotransmitter molecules and associated molecular machinery that facilitates exocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| block K+ currents without affecting Na+ currents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of membrane potential at which an action potential is generated. |
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Term
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Definition
Point-to-point correspondence between neighboring regions of the sensory periphery (e.g., the visual field or the body surface) and neighboring neurons within the central components of the system (e.g., in the brain and spinal cord).
Motor systems also entail topographic representations of movements, although here the direction of information flow is from the CNS to the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, trans-encoding RNA that combines with a specific guide RNA species to form an RNA duplex, which then acts to guide a bacterial excision/repair enzyme (endonuclease Cas9) to a genomic location targeted for excision. Following Following Cas9 excision, the DNA may be repaired by non-homologous end joining, yielding a microdeletion mutation; alternatively, a donor DNA sequence can be inserted following Cas9 cleavage via a mechanism similar to homologous recombination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundles of fasciculated axons in the central nervous system that are gathered into compact structures and typically share a common origin and termination; more or less analogous to nerves in the periphery. |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
Localized, noninvasive stimulation of cortical neurons through the induction of electrical current by the application of strong, focal magnetic fields.
seems to cause no apparent harm to patients or healthy volunteers |
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Term
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Definition
| The final, hyperpolarizing phase of an action potential, typically caused by the voltage-dependent efflux of a cation such as K+.
[image] |
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Term
| visceral motor division (system) aka autonomic motor division (system) |
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Definition
The components of the nervous system (peripheral and central) concerned with the regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; organized anatomically and physiologically into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.
visceral organs,
including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and
PURVES : Neuroscience 6e
Figure: 0112
7.21.17
Central
nervous system
Peripheral
nervous system
(A) (B)
Sensory
components
Sensory ganglia
and nerves
Sensory receptors
(at surface and
within the body)
Smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles,
and glands
Skeletal (striated)
muscles
Effectors
Internal
and
external
environment
Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon,
cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord
(analysis and integration of
sensory and motor information)
(sympathetic,
parasympathetic,
and enteric
divisions)
Visceral
motor system
Somatic
motor system
Autonomic
ganglia
and nerves
Motor nerves
Central
nervous system
Peripheral
nervous system
Motor
components
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Brain
Spinal cord
FIGURE 1.12 The major anatomical components of
the nervous system and their functional relationships.
(A) The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (spinal and
cranial nerves). (B) Diagram of the major components of the
CNS and PNS and their functional relationships. Stimuli from
the environment convey information to processing circuits in
the brain and spinal cord, which in turn interpret their significance
and send signals to peripheral effectors that move the
body and adjust the workings of its internal organs.
Controls the visceral organs,
including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and genitalia. |
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Term
| voltage clamp method/technique |
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Definition
A technique that uses electronic feedback to simultaneously control the membrane potential of a cell and measure the transmembrane currents that result from the opening and closing of ion channels.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| Charged structure within a membrane-spanning domain of an ion channel that confers the ability to sense changes in transmembrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| A general term that refers to regions of the brain and spinal cord containing large axonal tracts; the phrase derives from the fact that axonal tracts have a whitish cast when viewed in the freshly cut material due to the abundance of myelin. |
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Term
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Definition
| channel that only moves ions |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that requires energy |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by excessive activity; the muscles contract too much |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by insufficient excitability such that you use the ability to contract muscles |
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Term
| What technique(s) would you use if you wanted to find the boundaries between layers of the cortex? |
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Definition
| Nissl stain; uses basic aniline to stain RNA blue |
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Term
| What technique(s) would you use if you wanted to determine where the axons from nucleus Z project? |
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Definition
-Golgi stain (silver salts)
-tracing connections
+intracellular injections of dyes
+lipophilic dyes |
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Term
| What technique(s) would you use if you wanted to visualize neurons that make protein Y? |
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Definition
| fluorescent antibody labeling |
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Term
| What technique(s) would you use if you wanted to examine the detailed dendritic structure of neurons in region X? |
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Definition
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Term
| What technique(s) would you use if you wanted to visualize cells expressing the gene Olig2? |
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Definition
mRNA in situ hybridization
-construction of reporter transgene |
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Term
| What technique(s) would you use if you wanted to Identify synaptic targets of a population of neurons in the brain? |
|
Definition
-tracing connections
+intracellular injecgtions of dyes
+lipophilic dyes
-Dil labeling |
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